Science
Aczel, A.D. (2007). The Jesuit and the skull: Teilhard de Chardin, evolution, and the search for Peking Man. London: Penguin.
This is a good story, although it starts off slowly by reviewing the historical background to Darwin’s theory (arrghhh…not again!).
Teilhard de Chardin was from a very wealthy family. His mother was religious and his father interested in science—so de Chardin became a Jesuit scientist. He was charming, adventurous, and very smart. He was also brave--a WWI hero (as a frontline stretcher-bearer medic). Eventually, de Chardin became interested in evolution and tried to reconcile religion and science in a grand evolutionary scheme. The Catholic Church at the time was busily denying the existence of evolution and, as de Chardin became better and better known, he became ever more embarrassing to the Jesuit order. Even worse, he was very influential among younger priests.
The upshot of it all was that they exiled him to China. Ironically, he became part of an international team that discovered Peking Man (now classified as an early Homo erectus) and so, even more famous. The Catholic Church refused de Chardin permission to publish most of his work but he persisted, thinking they’d come round. They never did, and several of his books were only published posthumously. The author of this 21st century biography was refused permission to examine a number of the Vatican’s files on de Chardin—even in death he embarrasses the church because it’s now come round on the evolutionary score.
The many finds pertaining to Peking Man were lost when the Japanese invaded China. They were to be spirited away to the US but nobody knows what happened to them. If you should stumble across them, let me know, there are lots of people who are interested.
This is a good story, although it starts off slowly by reviewing the historical background to Darwin’s theory (arrghhh…not again!).
Teilhard de Chardin was from a very wealthy family. His mother was religious and his father interested in science—so de Chardin became a Jesuit scientist. He was charming, adventurous, and very smart. He was also brave--a WWI hero (as a frontline stretcher-bearer medic). Eventually, de Chardin became interested in evolution and tried to reconcile religion and science in a grand evolutionary scheme. The Catholic Church at the time was busily denying the existence of evolution and, as de Chardin became better and better known, he became ever more embarrassing to the Jesuit order. Even worse, he was very influential among younger priests.
The upshot of it all was that they exiled him to China. Ironically, he became part of an international team that discovered Peking Man (now classified as an early Homo erectus) and so, even more famous. The Catholic Church refused de Chardin permission to publish most of his work but he persisted, thinking they’d come round. They never did, and several of his books were only published posthumously. The author of this 21st century biography was refused permission to examine a number of the Vatican’s files on de Chardin—even in death he embarrasses the church because it’s now come round on the evolutionary score.
The many finds pertaining to Peking Man were lost when the Japanese invaded China. They were to be spirited away to the US but nobody knows what happened to them. If you should stumble across them, let me know, there are lots of people who are interested.
Alcock, J. (2001). The triumph of sociobiology. N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
After all the controversy beginning with the attacks of Harvard biologists Gould and Lewontin on their colleague Wilson’s book Sociobiology: The new synthesis (1975), could it be that sociobiology has finally triumphed? John Alcock’s book argues that it has. Moreover, Alcock’s thesis is that Wilson simply integrated what a large number of scientists had been doing over a long period as part of the new synthesis and gave it a name. In Alcock’s view, the motivation of the intellectual assault on sociobiology was ideological rather than scientific. After Alcock’s critique of a number of popular and to a large degree current misapprehensions about sociobiology, the reader is inclined to agree.
If the criterion for triumph is popularity among biologically minded behavioral scientists, the growth of the multidisciplinary Human Behavior and Evolution Society is compelling. On the other hand, the Human Behavior and Evolution Society did change the name of its journal from Ethology and Sociobiology to Human Behavior and Evolution in 1997, it apparently still appeared politically incorrect to at least some academics to have “sociobiology” in the journal title. Similarly, the phrase “evolutionary psychology” has come to be used in place of sociobiology, in part because of political sensitivities regarding the name sociobiology, in part because having “psychology” in the new name is appealing to the scientific proprietariness of psychologists. It has been argued that evolutionary psychology views humans as adaptation executors, whereas sociobiologists see them as consciously pursuing fitness goals. However, I do not believe that the latter has ever been a defining characteristic of sociobiology.
The fact that none of the critics changed their mind in response to the steady empirical progress of the sociobiological research program ably summarized in this book is one of the most salient aspects of Segestråle’s (2000) detailed description of the long history of the sociobiology debate. One wonders what it would take in the way of evidence or argument to convince the principal critics of sociobiology that they had been mistaken. As the old saw goes, science advances through the deaths of senior professors. An observation that suggests, at least to sociobiologists, that the dispute was more over status and social dominance than fact and logic. One can only hope that the tokens of increased fitness that accrued to the critics as a result of their involvement in the debate proved a satisfactory substitute for enlightenment.
References
Segestråle, U. (2000). Defenders of the truth: the battle for science in the sociobiology debate and beyond. New York: Oxford University Press.
Wilson, E.O. (1975). Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
After all the controversy beginning with the attacks of Harvard biologists Gould and Lewontin on their colleague Wilson’s book Sociobiology: The new synthesis (1975), could it be that sociobiology has finally triumphed? John Alcock’s book argues that it has. Moreover, Alcock’s thesis is that Wilson simply integrated what a large number of scientists had been doing over a long period as part of the new synthesis and gave it a name. In Alcock’s view, the motivation of the intellectual assault on sociobiology was ideological rather than scientific. After Alcock’s critique of a number of popular and to a large degree current misapprehensions about sociobiology, the reader is inclined to agree.
If the criterion for triumph is popularity among biologically minded behavioral scientists, the growth of the multidisciplinary Human Behavior and Evolution Society is compelling. On the other hand, the Human Behavior and Evolution Society did change the name of its journal from Ethology and Sociobiology to Human Behavior and Evolution in 1997, it apparently still appeared politically incorrect to at least some academics to have “sociobiology” in the journal title. Similarly, the phrase “evolutionary psychology” has come to be used in place of sociobiology, in part because of political sensitivities regarding the name sociobiology, in part because having “psychology” in the new name is appealing to the scientific proprietariness of psychologists. It has been argued that evolutionary psychology views humans as adaptation executors, whereas sociobiologists see them as consciously pursuing fitness goals. However, I do not believe that the latter has ever been a defining characteristic of sociobiology.
The fact that none of the critics changed their mind in response to the steady empirical progress of the sociobiological research program ably summarized in this book is one of the most salient aspects of Segestråle’s (2000) detailed description of the long history of the sociobiology debate. One wonders what it would take in the way of evidence or argument to convince the principal critics of sociobiology that they had been mistaken. As the old saw goes, science advances through the deaths of senior professors. An observation that suggests, at least to sociobiologists, that the dispute was more over status and social dominance than fact and logic. One can only hope that the tokens of increased fitness that accrued to the critics as a result of their involvement in the debate proved a satisfactory substitute for enlightenment.
References
Segestråle, U. (2000). Defenders of the truth: the battle for science in the sociobiology debate and beyond. New York: Oxford University Press.
Wilson, E.O. (1975). Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Alcock, J. (2005). Animal behavior: An evolutionary approach. 8th edition. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.
I read this textbook because I wanted an up to date overview of research on animal behavior, having not read one since Marler and Hamilton’s Mechanisms of Animal Behavior, published in 1966. Alcock’s text is quite a treat. It is up to date, exceptionally well-organized, clearly written, has a wealth of well-selected illustrations and photographs, and is entertaining to read.
What an amazing amount of conceptual and empirical progress over the intervening forty years. Whereas Marler and Hamilton’s book, as the title implies, dealt (somewhat tediously) with proximal mechanisms in the ethological sense popular at the time, Alcock’s book is organized around domains of functioning and tied together with a thorough-going evolutionary approach. Alcock has analyzed changes in textbooks of animal behavior (see his chapter in Lucas & Simmons, 2006)—apparently, all recent textbooks adopt an evolutionary approach.
I read this textbook because I wanted an up to date overview of research on animal behavior, having not read one since Marler and Hamilton’s Mechanisms of Animal Behavior, published in 1966. Alcock’s text is quite a treat. It is up to date, exceptionally well-organized, clearly written, has a wealth of well-selected illustrations and photographs, and is entertaining to read.
What an amazing amount of conceptual and empirical progress over the intervening forty years. Whereas Marler and Hamilton’s book, as the title implies, dealt (somewhat tediously) with proximal mechanisms in the ethological sense popular at the time, Alcock’s book is organized around domains of functioning and tied together with a thorough-going evolutionary approach. Alcock has analyzed changes in textbooks of animal behavior (see his chapter in Lucas & Simmons, 2006)—apparently, all recent textbooks adopt an evolutionary approach.
Allen, W. (2001). Green phoenix: Restoring the tropical forests of Guanacaste Costa Rica. Oxford University Press.
This is one of the rare large-scale ecological restoration successes--the tropical dry forest of Guanacaste is the only such forest to ever have been restored. Turns out that one has to know a great deal about the ecology of the forest to be successful and it is not cheap—although less expensive than might be feared. More importantly, with the local farmers and leaders buying in, it appears to be a sustainable enterprise.
One of the interesting aspects of this story is how important an influence one person can have on such an important undertaking. Daniel Janzen, an American biologist, was the central figure in this enterprise, gathering a team of students and professionals, heading up the research efforts, gathering support from local farmers, and securing large research grants from philanthropic organizations in Europe and North America.
I’m surprised that this (qualified) feel good story hasn’t received more media attention, it certainly deserves more.
This is one of the rare large-scale ecological restoration successes--the tropical dry forest of Guanacaste is the only such forest to ever have been restored. Turns out that one has to know a great deal about the ecology of the forest to be successful and it is not cheap—although less expensive than might be feared. More importantly, with the local farmers and leaders buying in, it appears to be a sustainable enterprise.
One of the interesting aspects of this story is how important an influence one person can have on such an important undertaking. Daniel Janzen, an American biologist, was the central figure in this enterprise, gathering a team of students and professionals, heading up the research efforts, gathering support from local farmers, and securing large research grants from philanthropic organizations in Europe and North America.
I’m surprised that this (qualified) feel good story hasn’t received more media attention, it certainly deserves more.
Altman, I. & Ginat, J. (1996). Polygamous families in contemporary society. London: Cambridge University Press.
Somewhat better educated and politically upwardly mobile men related by blood and marriage to the community leaders are allowed, encouraged, and sometimes ordered to have more than one wife. Women are jealous of new (younger) wives, fearing that their husband will no longer love them. Wives particularly dislike their husband courting prospective wives. Honeymoons are very short (generally three days) but treasured by wives and a source of great jealousy if unequal. Quelle surprise!
This book is repetitive and longwinded but can’t help but be interesting. These fundamentalist Mormons live in a sort of time warp.
In a sense, this treatise exemplifies the best and the worst of social science. The authors are very respectful of their informants, scrupulously evenhanded, and gather interesting information. On the other hand, their attempts at explanation are what Tooby and Cosmides would label "theories of the mid-range.” Kind of a formalization of folk psychology that is unconnected with any other area of science. This is more obvious in this book than in many other sources, because the informants sound like they just read an evolutionary psychology book on male-female differences and parental investment.
Somewhat better educated and politically upwardly mobile men related by blood and marriage to the community leaders are allowed, encouraged, and sometimes ordered to have more than one wife. Women are jealous of new (younger) wives, fearing that their husband will no longer love them. Wives particularly dislike their husband courting prospective wives. Honeymoons are very short (generally three days) but treasured by wives and a source of great jealousy if unequal. Quelle surprise!
This book is repetitive and longwinded but can’t help but be interesting. These fundamentalist Mormons live in a sort of time warp.
In a sense, this treatise exemplifies the best and the worst of social science. The authors are very respectful of their informants, scrupulously evenhanded, and gather interesting information. On the other hand, their attempts at explanation are what Tooby and Cosmides would label "theories of the mid-range.” Kind of a formalization of folk psychology that is unconnected with any other area of science. This is more obvious in this book than in many other sources, because the informants sound like they just read an evolutionary psychology book on male-female differences and parental investment.
Altemeyer, R. (1997). The authoritarian specter. Harvard University Press.
The sequel to Enemies of Freedom. Altemeyer presents the latest findings of his lifelong research program on right wing authoritarianism. Guess what? High RWAs are just as bad as you thought they were and worse. He ends the book with a list of their characteristics and it isn't pretty. Altemeyer pulls no punches here and he clearly links religious fundamentalism, especially Protestant fundamentalism, with high RWA attributes.
Altemeyer makes a very convincing case. Social science research at its best.
The sequel to Enemies of Freedom. Altemeyer presents the latest findings of his lifelong research program on right wing authoritarianism. Guess what? High RWAs are just as bad as you thought they were and worse. He ends the book with a list of their characteristics and it isn't pretty. Altemeyer pulls no punches here and he clearly links religious fundamentalism, especially Protestant fundamentalism, with high RWA attributes.
Altemeyer makes a very convincing case. Social science research at its best.
Ananthaswamy, A. (2015). The man who wasn’t there: Investigations into the strange new science of the self. NY: Dutton.
This book reviews recent neuroscientific research on the nature of the self, clinical phenomena involving disturbances in the perception of oneself—for example, believing that one is dead or that one’s body parts are not one’s own, and Buddhist belief, arising from meditation, that the self is an illusion, the attachment to which causes suffering.
Neuroscientists and philosophers have converged in their beliefs. As Ananthaswamy puts it: “Descartes’s dualism is passé. No one is arguing for a self that has an independent ontological reality, something that could exist even after the brain and body are gone. No one’s arguing either for a single privileged place in the brain as the sole custodian of the self. Yes, there are some brain regions that are more important than others for our sense of self-such as the insular cortex, the temporoparietal junction, and the medial prefrontal cortex—but none that can be said to be the singular domain of the self. There’s also little argument that our narrative self is a fiction—a story without a storyteller. In fact anything that can constitute the self-as-object—including the sense of body ownership—can be argued as being constructed, sans a constructor…. What remains to be satisfactorily explained is the self-as-subject or self-as-knower, and that’s where the differences arise. The subjectivity of experience: just how does it come to be?” (p. 261-262).
In the end, no answer is given to the question. The attempt to answer it, however, is interesting because of the brain mechanisms that are described and the weirdness of some of the clinical conditions. The author avoids much of the tediousness usually entailed by discussions of consciousness.
This book reviews recent neuroscientific research on the nature of the self, clinical phenomena involving disturbances in the perception of oneself—for example, believing that one is dead or that one’s body parts are not one’s own, and Buddhist belief, arising from meditation, that the self is an illusion, the attachment to which causes suffering.
Neuroscientists and philosophers have converged in their beliefs. As Ananthaswamy puts it: “Descartes’s dualism is passé. No one is arguing for a self that has an independent ontological reality, something that could exist even after the brain and body are gone. No one’s arguing either for a single privileged place in the brain as the sole custodian of the self. Yes, there are some brain regions that are more important than others for our sense of self-such as the insular cortex, the temporoparietal junction, and the medial prefrontal cortex—but none that can be said to be the singular domain of the self. There’s also little argument that our narrative self is a fiction—a story without a storyteller. In fact anything that can constitute the self-as-object—including the sense of body ownership—can be argued as being constructed, sans a constructor…. What remains to be satisfactorily explained is the self-as-subject or self-as-knower, and that’s where the differences arise. The subjectivity of experience: just how does it come to be?” (p. 261-262).
In the end, no answer is given to the question. The attempt to answer it, however, is interesting because of the brain mechanisms that are described and the weirdness of some of the clinical conditions. The author avoids much of the tediousness usually entailed by discussions of consciousness.
Angier, N. (2007). The canon: A whirligig tour of the beautiful basics of science. NY: Houghton-Mifflin.
In the preface, Angier laments the state of American interest in science and education in the US. The 2008 Canadian federal election shows the same dismal level of scientific understanding—the election can be viewed as a national test of the electorate’s understanding of the basics of climate change. The electorate flunked.
Angier aims to make her review of the basics of science entertaining for non-scientists. She asks a bunch of experts to describe what they wish the public knew about their respective fields and covers these topics in her book. She does a very good job and has a knack of explaining things clearly and describing how the scientific view of the world is so very different from our everyday experience of it.
In the jacket blurbs, Dawkins observes that “Every sentence sparkles with wit and charm”. That, in fact, is the problem with the exposition. The author is funny but tries so hard to be entertaining that her witticisms become distracting.
In the preface, Angier laments the state of American interest in science and education in the US. The 2008 Canadian federal election shows the same dismal level of scientific understanding—the election can be viewed as a national test of the electorate’s understanding of the basics of climate change. The electorate flunked.
Angier aims to make her review of the basics of science entertaining for non-scientists. She asks a bunch of experts to describe what they wish the public knew about their respective fields and covers these topics in her book. She does a very good job and has a knack of explaining things clearly and describing how the scientific view of the world is so very different from our everyday experience of it.
In the jacket blurbs, Dawkins observes that “Every sentence sparkles with wit and charm”. That, in fact, is the problem with the exposition. The author is funny but tries so hard to be entertaining that her witticisms become distracting.
Baker, R. (1996). Sperm wars: The science of sex. Toronto: Harper/Collins.
Glib, sensationalised, panglossian, adaptationist speculation presented as fact.
Glib, sensationalised, panglossian, adaptationist speculation presented as fact.
Bakker, R.T. (1986). The dinosaur heresies. N.Y.: Kensington.
Underneath the apparent need to pose as a rebel and the rhetorical posturing, Bakker is a master of functionalist and comparative anatomy. It is no wonder that he is the most popular popularizer of dinosaurs ever. Whether Bakker turns out to be correct about some of his controversial views, such as the warm-bloodedness of dinosaurs and the nature of their extinction, his views are closely and sensibly argued.
Bakker teaches us to appreciate the beauty of dinosaur design. A very informative and nicely written book.
Underneath the apparent need to pose as a rebel and the rhetorical posturing, Bakker is a master of functionalist and comparative anatomy. It is no wonder that he is the most popular popularizer of dinosaurs ever. Whether Bakker turns out to be correct about some of his controversial views, such as the warm-bloodedness of dinosaurs and the nature of their extinction, his views are closely and sensibly argued.
Bakker teaches us to appreciate the beauty of dinosaur design. A very informative and nicely written book.
Barham, P. (2001). The science of cooking. London: Springer.
There is some great popularization of science in this book. For example, there are 1025 atoms in a glass of wine. If each atom were the size of a grain of salt, one would have enough salt to cover the earth (including the oceans) to a depth of a meter. The author explains the chemistry of quite a few things in cookery of which I, at least, was ignorant. I’m sure better cooks would know a lot more of this stuff.
The book is clearly written but a bit repetitious. The author doesn’t have a clear idea of his audience. The book is for chemical neophytes but clearly not for children—nevertheless, there are experiments to try in the kitchen that require adult supervision!
Baron-Cohen, S. (Ed.). (1997) The maladapted mind: Classic readings in evolutionary psychopathology. Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press. (appeared in Evolution and Human Behavior, 19, 265-271).
The editor, Simon Baron-Cohen from the Departments of Experimental Psychology and Psychiatry at the University of Cambridge, introduces the theme of this edited volume in the preface. "If universal aspects of the mind, together with their neural mechanisms, are adaptive, then the breakdown of such mechanisms should be maladaptive. Evolutionary psychopathology investigates the breakdown of such mechanisms, and their consequences for cognition and behavior." (p. x). The book’s 12 chapters are examples of this approach that have previously appeared in the literature. The publication of this edited volume, together with the increasing number of evolutionary interpretations of biologically oriented explanations of psychopathology appearing in the literature (e.g., Ayres, 1998; Maier & Watkins, 1998), indicates that evolutionary accounts of mental illness are entering the mainstream.
The first three chapters (Nesse & Williams; McGuire, Marks, Nesse, & Troisi; Wilson) are general reviews that make the argument that mental diseases are usefully viewed from an adaptationist perspective. The next two chapters (Marks & Nesse; Nesse) treat anxiety disorders. Chapters 6, 8, and 9 (Blair; Mealey; Dugatkin) concern psychopathy and chapter 7 (Daly & Wilson), family homicide. Chapter 10 (Baron-Cohen) discusses the theory of mind and autism. The final 2 chapters (Price et al.; McGuire, Toisi, & Raleigh) discuss depression.
It is not altogether clear why these particular articles were placed together in this volume. Although the title refers to "classic" readings, the preface refers to the papers as "examples." Classic articles could be construed as citation classics or as seminal works that have spawned a large number of studies. A minority of the articles reprinted in this volume meet either of these criteria.
There are some small production problems evident in this volume. For example, computer scanning of the original papers miraculously but intermittently transformed "Rowe" to "Howe." Chapter authors’ names are frequently accompanied by footnote numbers but the corresponding footnotes are not provided.
The papers in this volume are more heterogeneous than in most edited books. In scope, they range from James Blair’s empirical study of a small number of mentally disordered offenders to Linda Mealey’s comprehensive review of psychopathy. In level of difficulty, they range from Nesse and Williams’ conversational and casually referenced discussion of whether mental disorders are diseases to Daniel Wilson’s treatise on evolutionary epidemiology, a chapter that requires a basic understanding of behavior genetics.
All but the chapter on family homicide, however, wrestle in one way or another with the conceptual status of mental disorders, an issue familiar from introductory abnormal psychology textbooks. Are some or all mental disorders diseases? Do they represent the breakdown of a universal mental mechanism? In the perspective offered by The Maladapted Mind, the question could be phrased as: "How could a maladapted mind be recognized"? If we ignore the difficulties involved in defining "minds," the task is first to look for species typical characteristics of individuals that have been created by their past effects on fitness (adaptations) or for heritable individual differences within a species that have been maintained in the population by their relationship to fitness and, second, to determine if the mechanisms underlying these characteristics have broken down.
If there is a breakdown in these heritable characteristics, then one could argue that this breakdown constitutes psychopathology, but it is not entirely clear that one would also want to say that it is "maladaptive." To be "maladaptive" some characteristic would have to involve fitness costs. One can imagine a history of selection in an ancestral environment that led to species typical or individual traits that have fitness costs in the current environment. This would be maladaptation without breakage. Continuing this reasoning, one could imagine that if this selected mechanism broke, we would observe a fitness benefit, resulting in breakage without maladaptation. "Maladaptation" in this context is slippery indeed, partly because its invocation depends upon whether the fitness effects of some characteristic are evaluated in the context of an ancestral or current environment. It is very tempting to lapse into a non-Darwinian, more colloquial, use of the term "maladaptation" to simply mean poor coping in a present environment.
Wakefield (1992a; 1992b) has bravely conceptualized a disorder from an adaptationist perspective as a harmful dysfunction. In this view, the concept of a disorder is at the interface of the constructed social world and the given natural world. A person is considered to have a disorder when that person’s internal mechanisms fail to perform their natural function, thereby causing harm to that person's socially defined well being. "A condition is a mental disorder, therefore if and only if (a) the condition causes harm or deprivation of benefit to the person as judged by the standards of the person's culture (the value criterion), and (b) the condition results from the inability of some mental mechanism to perform its natural function, wherein a natural function is an effect that is part of the evolutionary explanation of the existence and structure of the mental mechanism (the explanatory criterion)." (1992b, p. 385).
Wakefield’s formulation avoids some of the problems of the maladaptation approach. The adaptationist argument is grounded in the ancestral environment and speculations about current fitness effects are replaced by a social judgment.
The importance of the distinction between the value and explanatory criteria is well illustrated by the celebrated example of male homosexuality. Male homosexuality used to be considered a disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association but is now not. Most biologically informed investigators would agree that the male sexual preference system is an adaptation designed to direct male sexual behaviors toward fertile females (e.g., Quinsey & Lalumière, 1995). From this viewpoint, male homosexuality appears to involve a malfunction in a universal mental mechanism and, moreover, one that can be shown to reduce reproductive success. It is not clear, however, that male homosexuals are harmed in any sense other than suffering a statistical reduction in their number of offspring (a "harm" shared by many others who choose to employ birth control or remain celibate). In fact, one could argue that male homosexuals are psychically advantaged by not having to make the compromises with the preferred female mating and dating strategies that heterosexual men have to make (Bailey, Gaulin, Agyei, & Gladue, 1994; Symons, 1979). Somewhat bizarrely, it seems that one could argue from Wakefield’s formulation that homosexuality would be considered a disorder only if homosexuals were persecuted enough to make them miserable. Therefore, although preferable to the maladaptationist formulation, Wakefield’s harmful dysfunction concept is not without problems.
There is accumulating evidence concerning the nature of the proximal mechanisms underlying variations in male sexual preferences. A testosterone surge appears necessary to masculinize the brain in utero (Ellis & Ames, 1987). Male homosexuals lie between women and heterosexual men in sexually dimorphic features that arise in fetal development, such as the degree of directional bilateral asymmetry in fingerprint ridge count (Hall & Kimura, 1994) and the size of the third interstititial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus (LeVay, 1991). The finding that men are more likely to have homosexual preferences the more older brothers they have, born to the same mother (Blanchard, Zucker, Cohen-Kettenis, Gooren, & Bailey, 1996) suggests that a maternal immune response is of etiological significance (Blanchard & Klassen, 1997). Twin studies show that male homosexuality is in part heritable (Bailey & Pillard, 1991). The genes involved appear to be maternally derived and located on the X chromosome (Hamer, Hu, Magnuson, Hu, & Pattatucci, 1993; Hu, Pattatucci, Patterson, Li, Fulker, Cherny, Kruglyak, & Hamer, 1995).
Although our increasing understanding of the proximal and genetic causes of male homosexuality is irrelevant to Wakefield’s value criterion, it is important to the explanatory criterion. If the male sexual preference system is an adaptation, it must be under genetic control (as appears to be the case from the heritability and DNA analyses). In contrast to male homosexuality, which meets only the explanatory criterion, certain other male sexual preference anomalies are likely to meet both of Wakefield’s criteria. Pedophilia is one of these. The elder brother effect has been demonstrated for homosexual pedophiles (Bogaert, Bezeau, Kuban, & Blanchard, 1997). Among both homosexual and heterosexual pedophiles, psychophysiological assessment of sexual partner preference indicates an increasing relative preference for children as a function of the number of older brothers (Lalumière, Harris, Quinsey, & Rice, 1998). This is about as clear a demonstration as one could wish of the importance of the value criterion in Wakefield’s scheme: two phenomena that apparently share a similar etiology, one a pathology and the other not.
Note that the harm involved in the value criterion in the example of pedophilia is not necessarily intra-psychic. Pedophilia is likely to be viewed as harmful because of potential harm caused to underage victims and to the pedophile in terms of liability to arrest. As discussed below, these issues recur in considering another putative disorder discussed in The Maladapted Mind, psychopathy.
Wakefield’s position has received considerable comment. Lillienfeld and Marino (1995) raise two primary objections, neither of which are likely to be endorsed by readers of this journal. First, they make the Gouldian claim that "many mental functions are not direct evolutionary adaptations, but rather adaptively neutral by-products of adaptations." (p. 411). Second, that Wakefield "neglects the fact that natural selection almost invariably results in substantial variability across individuals." (p. 411).
A more sympathetic review of Wakefield’s position is offered by Richters and Cicchetti (1993) in their delightfully entitled article Mark Twain meets DSM-III-R: Conduct disorder, development, and the concept of harmful dysfunction. After reviewing evidence that conduct disordered children are at risk for a wide variety of problems in later life, that neuropsychological dysfunctions are related to and perhaps causes of conduct disorder, and so forth, they note that the harmful dysfunction framework also invites attention to "the possibility that some children might develop antisocial behavior patterns in the absence of internal dysfunctions: their conduct problems instead may be caused entirely by extrinsic, environmental factors." (p. 15).
In The Maladapted Mind, Mealey develops an explicit dual process or dual path theory of antisocial behavior based upon an integrative literature review. She argues that psychopathy is a genetic phenomenon whereas "sociopathy," although mimicking psychopathy in many respects, is a response to competitive disadvantage. In the genetically based life history strategy of psychopathy, affected individuals actively seek deviant and arousing stimuli while being selectively unresponsive to cues necessary for socialization. Psychopathy is maintained in the population by frequency dependent selection (Frank, 1988; Gangestad, 1997).
In contrast, sociopathy involves a genetically based differential use of environmentally contingent strategies. Sociopaths are more responsive to risk factors and can be termed psychopathic phenocopies. In this causal pathway, the adoption of a "cheater" life history strategy is related to competitive disadvantage. Competitive disadvantage is reflected in Ellis’s (1988) identification of 7 cross cultural correlates of crime: Large number of siblings, low socioeconomic status, urban location, black racial group, single parent family of origin, youthfulness, and maleness. Mealey therefore argues that the cause of sociopathy is environmental and should be strongly related to socioeconomic status of origin, in contrast to psychopathy, that should, by this argument, be unrelated to socioeconomic status of origin or other manifestations of competitive disadvantage.
We have found support for the dual path conception of psychopathy in offender populations. We have performed taxometric analyses using the Revised Psychopathy Checklist (PCL-R, Hare, 1991) that provide very strong evidence that psychopathy is underlain by a taxon (Harris, Rice, & Quinsey, 1994). These taxometric analyses indicate that psychopaths are not arbitrarily defined or at the end of a continuum but rather a naturally occurring class of individuals. Scores on the PCL-R, therefore, do not indicate the amount of the psychopathy trait but rather the probability that a person is in the psychopathy class. The items that were the best taxon indicators were almost exclusively from the antisocial lifestyle or behavioral factor: proneness to boredom, manipulativeness, callousness, parasitic lifestyle, early behavior problems, lack of realistic goals, impulsiveness, and irresponsibility. From an evolutionary perspective, psychopathy can be considered to be a life history strategy consisting of short-term mating tactics, an aggressive and risky ("warrior-hawk") approach to achieving social dominance, and frequent use of nonreciprocating and duplicitous (cheating) tactics in social exchange (Skilling et al., in preparation; cf. Lyons et al.,1993).
The same analyses showed, as expected, that criminal behavior per se is not a taxon. Another set of non-PCL-R variables, however, did provide evidence of a taxon and could predict which subjects would be assigned to the psychopathy taxon. These variables pertained to childhood history, specifically: elementary school maladjustment, teen alcohol abuse, childhood aggression, suspension or expulsion from school, arrest under age 16, separation from parents, parental alcoholism, and childhood behavior problems. Note that these items are also behavioral in nature. Recently, we have shown that these childhood taxon indicators can substitute for the PCL-R as an item in the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide, an actuarial prediction scale, without diminution of (very good) accuracy in the prediction of violent or sexual reoffending among released offenders (Quinsey, Harris, and Rice, in press).
McGuire, Troisi, and Raleigh make an argument similar to Mealey’s for the heterogeneity of depression in Chapter 12 of The Maladapted Mind. They note that "multiple causes can lead to similar phenotypes because of constraints on phenotypic expression." (p. 257). McGuire et al.’s view of depression is also similar to Mealey’s view of psychopathy in that it contrasts with "hypotheses developed by evolutionary psychologists....which emphasise phenotypic plasticity, cross-person similarity in adaptive capacities, and selection favouring the development of psychological mechanisms or rules (traits) that mediate behaviour largely in response to environmental contingencies." (p. 259).
Gangestad (1997) has explicated the role of genetic variation in behavioral characteristics from an evolutionary perspective, arguing that some of this phenotypic variance is fitness related. One can contrast this approach to pathology or individual differences to that taken in Chapter 7 of The Maladapted Mind by Daly and Wilson. These authors treat homicide as a measure of conflict in the population. Their data convincingly demonstrate that people act nepotistically, being less likely to kill their biological kin than unrelated individuals. The sources of inter-individual conflict are supplied by universal human motives whose ultimate cause is relative reproductive success. This chapter is hardly about maladaptation, harmful dysfunction, pathology, or genetically caused individual differences.
The conflict between an individual difference and a universal mental mechanism approach is, to a large degree, illusory. Scientists who study stable behavioral differences among individuals will find genetic and early environmental causes of those differences; they are unlikely to find proximal environmental causes because these vary faster than the stable traits in which they are interested. On the other hand, scientists who study specific behaviors at the population level will find their occurrence to be related to proximal antecedents that reflect individuals’ transient perceptions of their genetic self interest (cf. Daly, 1996). Taken together, the chapters in The Maladapted Mind illustrate that a complete understanding of pathology requires a selectionist account of both individual differences and universal human characteristics.
In sum, The Maladapted Mind, raises difficult conceptual issues. Despite its unevenness, it serves as an introduction to current evolutionary conceptualizations of psychopathology. Readers will perceive indicators of both progress and the need for further empirical and conceptual work in this exciting and promising new area.
References:
Ayres, J.J.B. (1998). Fear conditioning and avoidance. (pp. 122-145). In W. O’Donohue (Ed.). Learning and behavior therapy. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Bailey, J. M., Gaulin, S., Agyei, Y., & Gladue, B. (1994). Effects of gender and sexual orientation on evolutionarily relevant aspects of human mating psychology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 1081-1093.
Bailey, J. M., & Pillard, R. C. (1991). A genetic study of male sexual orientation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 1089-1096.
Blanchard, R., & Klassen, P. (1997). H-Y antigen and homosexuality in men. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 185, 373-378.
Blanchard, R., & Zucker, K. J. (1994). Reanalysis of Bell, Weinberg, and Hammersmith's data on birth order, sibling sex ratio, and parental age homosexual men. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1375-1376.
Blanchard, R., Zucker, K. J., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Gooren, L. J. G., & Bailey, J. M. (1996). Birth order and sibling sex ratio in two samples of Dutch gender-dysphoric homosexual males. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 25, 495-514.
Bogaert, A.F., Bezeau, S., Kuban, M., & Blanchard, R. (1997). Pedophilia, sexual orientation, and birth order. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 331-335.
Daly, M. (1996). Evolutionary adaptationism: Another biological approach to criminal and antisocial behaviour. In G. R. Bock & J. A. Goode (Eds.), Genetics of criminal and antisocial behaviour. (pp. 183-195). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Ellis, L. (1988). Neurohormonal bases of varying tendencies to learn delinquent and criminal behavior. In E.K. Morris and C.J. Braukmann (Eds.), Behavioral approaches to crime and delinquency: Application, research, and theory (pp.499-520). N.Y.: Plenum.
Ellis, L., & Ames, M. A. (1987). Neurohormonal functioning and sexual orientation: A theory of homosexuality-heterosexuality. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 233-258.
Frank, R.H. (1988).Passions within reason: The strategic role of the emotions. N.Y.: Norton.
Gangestad, S.W. (1997). Evolutionary psychology and genetic variation: non-adaptive, fitness-related and adaptive. In G.R. Bock & G. Cardew (1997). Characterizing human psychological adaptations. NY: Wiley (Ciba Foundation).
Hall, J. A., & Kimura, D. (1994). Dermatoglyphic asymmetry and sexual orientation in men. Behavioral Neuroscience, 108, 1203-1206.
Hamer, D. H., Hu, S., Magnuson, V. L., Hu, N., & Pattatucci, A. M. L. (1993). A linkage between DNA markers on the X chromosome and male sexual orientation. Science, 261, 321-327.
Hare, R.D. (1991). Manual for the Revised Psychopathy Checklist. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.
Hersh, S.M. (1997). The dark side of Camelot. Toronto: Little, Brown.
Hu, S., Pattatucci, A. M. L., Patterson, C., Li, L., Fulker, D. W., Cherny, S. S., Kruglyak, L., & Hamer, D. H. (1995). Linkage between sexual orientation and chromosome Xq28 in males but not in females. Nature Genetics, 11, 248-256.
Lalumière, M. L., Harris, G. T., Quinsey, V. L., & Rice, M. E. (1998). Sexual deviance and number of older brothers among sexual offenders. Sexual Abuse, 10, 5-15.
LeVay, S. (1991). A difference in hypothalamic structure between heterosexual and homosexual men. Science, 253, 1034-1037.
Lilienfeld, S. O., & Marino, L. (1995). Mental disorder as a Roschian concept: A critique of Wakefield's "Harmful Dysfunction" analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 411-420.
Lyons, M.J. et al. (1993). Do genes influence exposure to trauma? A twin study of combat. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 48, 22-27.
Maier, S.F. & Watkins, L.R. (1998). Cytokines for psychologists: Implications of bidirectional immune-to-brain communication for understanding behavior, mood, and cognition. Psychological Review, 105, 83-107.
Quinsey, V.L., Harris, G.T., Rice, M.E., & Cormier, C. (in press). Violent offenders: Appraising and managing risk. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
Quinsey, V.L., & Lalumière, M.L. (1995). Evolutionary perspectives on sexual offending. Sexual Abuse, 7, 301-315.
Richters, J. E., & Cicchetti, D. (1993). Mark Twain meets DSM-III-R: Conduct disorder, development, and the concept of harmful dysfunction. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 5-29.
Skilling, T.A., Harris, G.T., Rice, M.E., & Quinsey, V.L. (in preparation). Psychopathy and antisocial personality reflect the same underlying categorical entity.
Symons, D. (1979).The evolution of human sexuality. New York: Oxford University Press.
Wakefield, J. C. (1992a). Disorder as harmful dysfunction: A conceptual critique of DSM-III-R's definition of mental disorder. Psychological Review, 99, 232-247.
There is some great popularization of science in this book. For example, there are 1025 atoms in a glass of wine. If each atom were the size of a grain of salt, one would have enough salt to cover the earth (including the oceans) to a depth of a meter. The author explains the chemistry of quite a few things in cookery of which I, at least, was ignorant. I’m sure better cooks would know a lot more of this stuff.
The book is clearly written but a bit repetitious. The author doesn’t have a clear idea of his audience. The book is for chemical neophytes but clearly not for children—nevertheless, there are experiments to try in the kitchen that require adult supervision!
Baron-Cohen, S. (Ed.). (1997) The maladapted mind: Classic readings in evolutionary psychopathology. Hove, East Sussex: Psychology Press. (appeared in Evolution and Human Behavior, 19, 265-271).
The editor, Simon Baron-Cohen from the Departments of Experimental Psychology and Psychiatry at the University of Cambridge, introduces the theme of this edited volume in the preface. "If universal aspects of the mind, together with their neural mechanisms, are adaptive, then the breakdown of such mechanisms should be maladaptive. Evolutionary psychopathology investigates the breakdown of such mechanisms, and their consequences for cognition and behavior." (p. x). The book’s 12 chapters are examples of this approach that have previously appeared in the literature. The publication of this edited volume, together with the increasing number of evolutionary interpretations of biologically oriented explanations of psychopathology appearing in the literature (e.g., Ayres, 1998; Maier & Watkins, 1998), indicates that evolutionary accounts of mental illness are entering the mainstream.
The first three chapters (Nesse & Williams; McGuire, Marks, Nesse, & Troisi; Wilson) are general reviews that make the argument that mental diseases are usefully viewed from an adaptationist perspective. The next two chapters (Marks & Nesse; Nesse) treat anxiety disorders. Chapters 6, 8, and 9 (Blair; Mealey; Dugatkin) concern psychopathy and chapter 7 (Daly & Wilson), family homicide. Chapter 10 (Baron-Cohen) discusses the theory of mind and autism. The final 2 chapters (Price et al.; McGuire, Toisi, & Raleigh) discuss depression.
It is not altogether clear why these particular articles were placed together in this volume. Although the title refers to "classic" readings, the preface refers to the papers as "examples." Classic articles could be construed as citation classics or as seminal works that have spawned a large number of studies. A minority of the articles reprinted in this volume meet either of these criteria.
There are some small production problems evident in this volume. For example, computer scanning of the original papers miraculously but intermittently transformed "Rowe" to "Howe." Chapter authors’ names are frequently accompanied by footnote numbers but the corresponding footnotes are not provided.
The papers in this volume are more heterogeneous than in most edited books. In scope, they range from James Blair’s empirical study of a small number of mentally disordered offenders to Linda Mealey’s comprehensive review of psychopathy. In level of difficulty, they range from Nesse and Williams’ conversational and casually referenced discussion of whether mental disorders are diseases to Daniel Wilson’s treatise on evolutionary epidemiology, a chapter that requires a basic understanding of behavior genetics.
All but the chapter on family homicide, however, wrestle in one way or another with the conceptual status of mental disorders, an issue familiar from introductory abnormal psychology textbooks. Are some or all mental disorders diseases? Do they represent the breakdown of a universal mental mechanism? In the perspective offered by The Maladapted Mind, the question could be phrased as: "How could a maladapted mind be recognized"? If we ignore the difficulties involved in defining "minds," the task is first to look for species typical characteristics of individuals that have been created by their past effects on fitness (adaptations) or for heritable individual differences within a species that have been maintained in the population by their relationship to fitness and, second, to determine if the mechanisms underlying these characteristics have broken down.
If there is a breakdown in these heritable characteristics, then one could argue that this breakdown constitutes psychopathology, but it is not entirely clear that one would also want to say that it is "maladaptive." To be "maladaptive" some characteristic would have to involve fitness costs. One can imagine a history of selection in an ancestral environment that led to species typical or individual traits that have fitness costs in the current environment. This would be maladaptation without breakage. Continuing this reasoning, one could imagine that if this selected mechanism broke, we would observe a fitness benefit, resulting in breakage without maladaptation. "Maladaptation" in this context is slippery indeed, partly because its invocation depends upon whether the fitness effects of some characteristic are evaluated in the context of an ancestral or current environment. It is very tempting to lapse into a non-Darwinian, more colloquial, use of the term "maladaptation" to simply mean poor coping in a present environment.
Wakefield (1992a; 1992b) has bravely conceptualized a disorder from an adaptationist perspective as a harmful dysfunction. In this view, the concept of a disorder is at the interface of the constructed social world and the given natural world. A person is considered to have a disorder when that person’s internal mechanisms fail to perform their natural function, thereby causing harm to that person's socially defined well being. "A condition is a mental disorder, therefore if and only if (a) the condition causes harm or deprivation of benefit to the person as judged by the standards of the person's culture (the value criterion), and (b) the condition results from the inability of some mental mechanism to perform its natural function, wherein a natural function is an effect that is part of the evolutionary explanation of the existence and structure of the mental mechanism (the explanatory criterion)." (1992b, p. 385).
Wakefield’s formulation avoids some of the problems of the maladaptation approach. The adaptationist argument is grounded in the ancestral environment and speculations about current fitness effects are replaced by a social judgment.
The importance of the distinction between the value and explanatory criteria is well illustrated by the celebrated example of male homosexuality. Male homosexuality used to be considered a disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association but is now not. Most biologically informed investigators would agree that the male sexual preference system is an adaptation designed to direct male sexual behaviors toward fertile females (e.g., Quinsey & Lalumière, 1995). From this viewpoint, male homosexuality appears to involve a malfunction in a universal mental mechanism and, moreover, one that can be shown to reduce reproductive success. It is not clear, however, that male homosexuals are harmed in any sense other than suffering a statistical reduction in their number of offspring (a "harm" shared by many others who choose to employ birth control or remain celibate). In fact, one could argue that male homosexuals are psychically advantaged by not having to make the compromises with the preferred female mating and dating strategies that heterosexual men have to make (Bailey, Gaulin, Agyei, & Gladue, 1994; Symons, 1979). Somewhat bizarrely, it seems that one could argue from Wakefield’s formulation that homosexuality would be considered a disorder only if homosexuals were persecuted enough to make them miserable. Therefore, although preferable to the maladaptationist formulation, Wakefield’s harmful dysfunction concept is not without problems.
There is accumulating evidence concerning the nature of the proximal mechanisms underlying variations in male sexual preferences. A testosterone surge appears necessary to masculinize the brain in utero (Ellis & Ames, 1987). Male homosexuals lie between women and heterosexual men in sexually dimorphic features that arise in fetal development, such as the degree of directional bilateral asymmetry in fingerprint ridge count (Hall & Kimura, 1994) and the size of the third interstititial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus (LeVay, 1991). The finding that men are more likely to have homosexual preferences the more older brothers they have, born to the same mother (Blanchard, Zucker, Cohen-Kettenis, Gooren, & Bailey, 1996) suggests that a maternal immune response is of etiological significance (Blanchard & Klassen, 1997). Twin studies show that male homosexuality is in part heritable (Bailey & Pillard, 1991). The genes involved appear to be maternally derived and located on the X chromosome (Hamer, Hu, Magnuson, Hu, & Pattatucci, 1993; Hu, Pattatucci, Patterson, Li, Fulker, Cherny, Kruglyak, & Hamer, 1995).
Although our increasing understanding of the proximal and genetic causes of male homosexuality is irrelevant to Wakefield’s value criterion, it is important to the explanatory criterion. If the male sexual preference system is an adaptation, it must be under genetic control (as appears to be the case from the heritability and DNA analyses). In contrast to male homosexuality, which meets only the explanatory criterion, certain other male sexual preference anomalies are likely to meet both of Wakefield’s criteria. Pedophilia is one of these. The elder brother effect has been demonstrated for homosexual pedophiles (Bogaert, Bezeau, Kuban, & Blanchard, 1997). Among both homosexual and heterosexual pedophiles, psychophysiological assessment of sexual partner preference indicates an increasing relative preference for children as a function of the number of older brothers (Lalumière, Harris, Quinsey, & Rice, 1998). This is about as clear a demonstration as one could wish of the importance of the value criterion in Wakefield’s scheme: two phenomena that apparently share a similar etiology, one a pathology and the other not.
Note that the harm involved in the value criterion in the example of pedophilia is not necessarily intra-psychic. Pedophilia is likely to be viewed as harmful because of potential harm caused to underage victims and to the pedophile in terms of liability to arrest. As discussed below, these issues recur in considering another putative disorder discussed in The Maladapted Mind, psychopathy.
Wakefield’s position has received considerable comment. Lillienfeld and Marino (1995) raise two primary objections, neither of which are likely to be endorsed by readers of this journal. First, they make the Gouldian claim that "many mental functions are not direct evolutionary adaptations, but rather adaptively neutral by-products of adaptations." (p. 411). Second, that Wakefield "neglects the fact that natural selection almost invariably results in substantial variability across individuals." (p. 411).
A more sympathetic review of Wakefield’s position is offered by Richters and Cicchetti (1993) in their delightfully entitled article Mark Twain meets DSM-III-R: Conduct disorder, development, and the concept of harmful dysfunction. After reviewing evidence that conduct disordered children are at risk for a wide variety of problems in later life, that neuropsychological dysfunctions are related to and perhaps causes of conduct disorder, and so forth, they note that the harmful dysfunction framework also invites attention to "the possibility that some children might develop antisocial behavior patterns in the absence of internal dysfunctions: their conduct problems instead may be caused entirely by extrinsic, environmental factors." (p. 15).
In The Maladapted Mind, Mealey develops an explicit dual process or dual path theory of antisocial behavior based upon an integrative literature review. She argues that psychopathy is a genetic phenomenon whereas "sociopathy," although mimicking psychopathy in many respects, is a response to competitive disadvantage. In the genetically based life history strategy of psychopathy, affected individuals actively seek deviant and arousing stimuli while being selectively unresponsive to cues necessary for socialization. Psychopathy is maintained in the population by frequency dependent selection (Frank, 1988; Gangestad, 1997).
In contrast, sociopathy involves a genetically based differential use of environmentally contingent strategies. Sociopaths are more responsive to risk factors and can be termed psychopathic phenocopies. In this causal pathway, the adoption of a "cheater" life history strategy is related to competitive disadvantage. Competitive disadvantage is reflected in Ellis’s (1988) identification of 7 cross cultural correlates of crime: Large number of siblings, low socioeconomic status, urban location, black racial group, single parent family of origin, youthfulness, and maleness. Mealey therefore argues that the cause of sociopathy is environmental and should be strongly related to socioeconomic status of origin, in contrast to psychopathy, that should, by this argument, be unrelated to socioeconomic status of origin or other manifestations of competitive disadvantage.
We have found support for the dual path conception of psychopathy in offender populations. We have performed taxometric analyses using the Revised Psychopathy Checklist (PCL-R, Hare, 1991) that provide very strong evidence that psychopathy is underlain by a taxon (Harris, Rice, & Quinsey, 1994). These taxometric analyses indicate that psychopaths are not arbitrarily defined or at the end of a continuum but rather a naturally occurring class of individuals. Scores on the PCL-R, therefore, do not indicate the amount of the psychopathy trait but rather the probability that a person is in the psychopathy class. The items that were the best taxon indicators were almost exclusively from the antisocial lifestyle or behavioral factor: proneness to boredom, manipulativeness, callousness, parasitic lifestyle, early behavior problems, lack of realistic goals, impulsiveness, and irresponsibility. From an evolutionary perspective, psychopathy can be considered to be a life history strategy consisting of short-term mating tactics, an aggressive and risky ("warrior-hawk") approach to achieving social dominance, and frequent use of nonreciprocating and duplicitous (cheating) tactics in social exchange (Skilling et al., in preparation; cf. Lyons et al.,1993).
The same analyses showed, as expected, that criminal behavior per se is not a taxon. Another set of non-PCL-R variables, however, did provide evidence of a taxon and could predict which subjects would be assigned to the psychopathy taxon. These variables pertained to childhood history, specifically: elementary school maladjustment, teen alcohol abuse, childhood aggression, suspension or expulsion from school, arrest under age 16, separation from parents, parental alcoholism, and childhood behavior problems. Note that these items are also behavioral in nature. Recently, we have shown that these childhood taxon indicators can substitute for the PCL-R as an item in the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide, an actuarial prediction scale, without diminution of (very good) accuracy in the prediction of violent or sexual reoffending among released offenders (Quinsey, Harris, and Rice, in press).
McGuire, Troisi, and Raleigh make an argument similar to Mealey’s for the heterogeneity of depression in Chapter 12 of The Maladapted Mind. They note that "multiple causes can lead to similar phenotypes because of constraints on phenotypic expression." (p. 257). McGuire et al.’s view of depression is also similar to Mealey’s view of psychopathy in that it contrasts with "hypotheses developed by evolutionary psychologists....which emphasise phenotypic plasticity, cross-person similarity in adaptive capacities, and selection favouring the development of psychological mechanisms or rules (traits) that mediate behaviour largely in response to environmental contingencies." (p. 259).
Gangestad (1997) has explicated the role of genetic variation in behavioral characteristics from an evolutionary perspective, arguing that some of this phenotypic variance is fitness related. One can contrast this approach to pathology or individual differences to that taken in Chapter 7 of The Maladapted Mind by Daly and Wilson. These authors treat homicide as a measure of conflict in the population. Their data convincingly demonstrate that people act nepotistically, being less likely to kill their biological kin than unrelated individuals. The sources of inter-individual conflict are supplied by universal human motives whose ultimate cause is relative reproductive success. This chapter is hardly about maladaptation, harmful dysfunction, pathology, or genetically caused individual differences.
The conflict between an individual difference and a universal mental mechanism approach is, to a large degree, illusory. Scientists who study stable behavioral differences among individuals will find genetic and early environmental causes of those differences; they are unlikely to find proximal environmental causes because these vary faster than the stable traits in which they are interested. On the other hand, scientists who study specific behaviors at the population level will find their occurrence to be related to proximal antecedents that reflect individuals’ transient perceptions of their genetic self interest (cf. Daly, 1996). Taken together, the chapters in The Maladapted Mind illustrate that a complete understanding of pathology requires a selectionist account of both individual differences and universal human characteristics.
In sum, The Maladapted Mind, raises difficult conceptual issues. Despite its unevenness, it serves as an introduction to current evolutionary conceptualizations of psychopathology. Readers will perceive indicators of both progress and the need for further empirical and conceptual work in this exciting and promising new area.
References:
Ayres, J.J.B. (1998). Fear conditioning and avoidance. (pp. 122-145). In W. O’Donohue (Ed.). Learning and behavior therapy. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Bailey, J. M., Gaulin, S., Agyei, Y., & Gladue, B. (1994). Effects of gender and sexual orientation on evolutionarily relevant aspects of human mating psychology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 1081-1093.
Bailey, J. M., & Pillard, R. C. (1991). A genetic study of male sexual orientation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 1089-1096.
Blanchard, R., & Klassen, P. (1997). H-Y antigen and homosexuality in men. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 185, 373-378.
Blanchard, R., & Zucker, K. J. (1994). Reanalysis of Bell, Weinberg, and Hammersmith's data on birth order, sibling sex ratio, and parental age homosexual men. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1375-1376.
Blanchard, R., Zucker, K. J., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Gooren, L. J. G., & Bailey, J. M. (1996). Birth order and sibling sex ratio in two samples of Dutch gender-dysphoric homosexual males. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 25, 495-514.
Bogaert, A.F., Bezeau, S., Kuban, M., & Blanchard, R. (1997). Pedophilia, sexual orientation, and birth order. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 331-335.
Daly, M. (1996). Evolutionary adaptationism: Another biological approach to criminal and antisocial behaviour. In G. R. Bock & J. A. Goode (Eds.), Genetics of criminal and antisocial behaviour. (pp. 183-195). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Ellis, L. (1988). Neurohormonal bases of varying tendencies to learn delinquent and criminal behavior. In E.K. Morris and C.J. Braukmann (Eds.), Behavioral approaches to crime and delinquency: Application, research, and theory (pp.499-520). N.Y.: Plenum.
Ellis, L., & Ames, M. A. (1987). Neurohormonal functioning and sexual orientation: A theory of homosexuality-heterosexuality. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 233-258.
Frank, R.H. (1988).Passions within reason: The strategic role of the emotions. N.Y.: Norton.
Gangestad, S.W. (1997). Evolutionary psychology and genetic variation: non-adaptive, fitness-related and adaptive. In G.R. Bock & G. Cardew (1997). Characterizing human psychological adaptations. NY: Wiley (Ciba Foundation).
Hall, J. A., & Kimura, D. (1994). Dermatoglyphic asymmetry and sexual orientation in men. Behavioral Neuroscience, 108, 1203-1206.
Hamer, D. H., Hu, S., Magnuson, V. L., Hu, N., & Pattatucci, A. M. L. (1993). A linkage between DNA markers on the X chromosome and male sexual orientation. Science, 261, 321-327.
Hare, R.D. (1991). Manual for the Revised Psychopathy Checklist. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.
Hersh, S.M. (1997). The dark side of Camelot. Toronto: Little, Brown.
Hu, S., Pattatucci, A. M. L., Patterson, C., Li, L., Fulker, D. W., Cherny, S. S., Kruglyak, L., & Hamer, D. H. (1995). Linkage between sexual orientation and chromosome Xq28 in males but not in females. Nature Genetics, 11, 248-256.
Lalumière, M. L., Harris, G. T., Quinsey, V. L., & Rice, M. E. (1998). Sexual deviance and number of older brothers among sexual offenders. Sexual Abuse, 10, 5-15.
LeVay, S. (1991). A difference in hypothalamic structure between heterosexual and homosexual men. Science, 253, 1034-1037.
Lilienfeld, S. O., & Marino, L. (1995). Mental disorder as a Roschian concept: A critique of Wakefield's "Harmful Dysfunction" analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 411-420.
Lyons, M.J. et al. (1993). Do genes influence exposure to trauma? A twin study of combat. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 48, 22-27.
Maier, S.F. & Watkins, L.R. (1998). Cytokines for psychologists: Implications of bidirectional immune-to-brain communication for understanding behavior, mood, and cognition. Psychological Review, 105, 83-107.
Quinsey, V.L., Harris, G.T., Rice, M.E., & Cormier, C. (in press). Violent offenders: Appraising and managing risk. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
Quinsey, V.L., & Lalumière, M.L. (1995). Evolutionary perspectives on sexual offending. Sexual Abuse, 7, 301-315.
Richters, J. E., & Cicchetti, D. (1993). Mark Twain meets DSM-III-R: Conduct disorder, development, and the concept of harmful dysfunction. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 5-29.
Skilling, T.A., Harris, G.T., Rice, M.E., & Quinsey, V.L. (in preparation). Psychopathy and antisocial personality reflect the same underlying categorical entity.
Symons, D. (1979).The evolution of human sexuality. New York: Oxford University Press.
Wakefield, J. C. (1992a). Disorder as harmful dysfunction: A conceptual critique of DSM-III-R's definition of mental disorder. Psychological Review, 99, 232-247.
Barry, J.M. (2004). The great influenza: The epic story of the deadliest plague in history. Toronto: Viking.
Given SARS, AIDS, and the other acronyms passing among us and other species, this fast-paced and easy read is most timely. The enormous scope of the WW I influenza epidemic and the huge number of deaths it caused has been documented in other works but probably not as extensively as here. From a scientific viewpoint, the most interesting aspect of the epidemic is the changing virulence of the virus—a result predicted by Darwinian theory under certain conditions of viral transmission. From a political and policy perspective, the contributions of wartime secrecy and propaganda, together with troop concentrations and movement, to the spread of the disease appear critical.
The odd and frightening thing about the influenza epidemic is how it differentially struck down the young and healthy, leaving the very old and young relatively unscathed. Some evidence suggests that it was the very vigour of the immune response of those in the prime of life that killed them so quickly.
Given SARS, AIDS, and the other acronyms passing among us and other species, this fast-paced and easy read is most timely. The enormous scope of the WW I influenza epidemic and the huge number of deaths it caused has been documented in other works but probably not as extensively as here. From a scientific viewpoint, the most interesting aspect of the epidemic is the changing virulence of the virus—a result predicted by Darwinian theory under certain conditions of viral transmission. From a political and policy perspective, the contributions of wartime secrecy and propaganda, together with troop concentrations and movement, to the spread of the disease appear critical.
The odd and frightening thing about the influenza epidemic is how it differentially struck down the young and healthy, leaving the very old and young relatively unscathed. Some evidence suggests that it was the very vigour of the immune response of those in the prime of life that killed them so quickly.
Beard, C. (2004). The hunt for the dawn monkey: Unearthing the origins of monkeys, apes, and humans, Berkeley: University of California Press.
An interesting exposition on the search for the origins of the anthropoids. The author argues that the first tiny ancient primate-like creatures originated in Asia, subsequently rafting to Africa whereupon they underwent an explosive evolutionary radiation. There are many recent finds, mostly of incredibly informative teeth but also a few spectacular skull from around the world, which clarify the evolutionary relationships among tarsiers, lemurs, monkeys, apes, and various extinct, but closely related groups. At least according to the author—there are some big guns who disagree and this book is about scientific disagreements (and all of the oh so familiar personalities and vested scientific interests that that entails), as well as the state of the science.
An interesting exposition on the search for the origins of the anthropoids. The author argues that the first tiny ancient primate-like creatures originated in Asia, subsequently rafting to Africa whereupon they underwent an explosive evolutionary radiation. There are many recent finds, mostly of incredibly informative teeth but also a few spectacular skull from around the world, which clarify the evolutionary relationships among tarsiers, lemurs, monkeys, apes, and various extinct, but closely related groups. At least according to the author—there are some big guns who disagree and this book is about scientific disagreements (and all of the oh so familiar personalities and vested scientific interests that that entails), as well as the state of the science.
Beninger, R.J. (2018). Life’s rewards: Linking dopamine, incentive learning, schizophrenia, and the mind. Oxford University Press.
There is indeed a link between dopamine and incentive learning: A link that provides an explanation for central features of schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, drug addiction, and attention deficit activity disorder. The central argument of the book is supported by converging evidence from a broad range of comparative anatomical, behavioural, neurochemical, and pharmacological findings that can be used to explain clinical observations.
Beninger employs a historical approach that emphasizes mainstream classic investigations and elegant experiments (more than a few of which were carried out by the author himself).
There is indeed a link between dopamine and incentive learning: A link that provides an explanation for central features of schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, drug addiction, and attention deficit activity disorder. The central argument of the book is supported by converging evidence from a broad range of comparative anatomical, behavioural, neurochemical, and pharmacological findings that can be used to explain clinical observations.
Beninger employs a historical approach that emphasizes mainstream classic investigations and elegant experiments (more than a few of which were carried out by the author himself).
Bernstein, P.L. (1996). Against the gods: The remarkable story of risk. Toronto: Wiley.
This is a charming book. The author communicates his enthusiasm for the probability calculus. The first part of the book is a remarkably clear and interesting history of the concepts and personalities involved in probability. The second part applies the concepts to stocks and bonds (managing risk).
I was surprised how much I knew about the stock business, at least in theory. Much of it appears to involve ordinary statistical concepts that most of us have drilled into our spinal cords. So, if we’re so smart, how come we ain’t rich? I was also surprised at the impact that Kahneman and Tversky’s prospect theory has had on financial risk management. Lastly, I was surprised at how easy it seems to be to get Nobel prizes in economics, at least from what Bernstein says about the theoretical work that has led to them.
For beginners in economics, this book would make a nice sequel to The Wordly Philosophers.
This is a charming book. The author communicates his enthusiasm for the probability calculus. The first part of the book is a remarkably clear and interesting history of the concepts and personalities involved in probability. The second part applies the concepts to stocks and bonds (managing risk).
I was surprised how much I knew about the stock business, at least in theory. Much of it appears to involve ordinary statistical concepts that most of us have drilled into our spinal cords. So, if we’re so smart, how come we ain’t rich? I was also surprised at the impact that Kahneman and Tversky’s prospect theory has had on financial risk management. Lastly, I was surprised at how easy it seems to be to get Nobel prizes in economics, at least from what Bernstein says about the theoretical work that has led to them.
For beginners in economics, this book would make a nice sequel to The Wordly Philosophers.
Blum, D. (2002). Love at Goon Park: Harry Harlow and the science of affection. N.Y.: Berkley Books.
I remember very well the first psychology conference I ever attended. It was a huge meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association in Philadelphia in the late sixties. My advisor, Joe Ayres, presented a paper of ours at a standing room only symposium—I was supposed to have presented it but had chickened out. One of the subsequent papers in the symposium dealt with operant conditioning in monkeys who had been maintained for months in restraint chairs. Joe Ayres rose after this presentation to ask the presenter how he could ethically justify keeping the animals in restraint for so long. I don’t now remember the answer but do recall the tension in the crowded room when the issue (about which probably everyone was thinking) was raised publicly.
The same tension suffuses Love at Goon Park. Some of Harry Harlow’s brutal experiments on monkeys, such as those using the “pit of despair,” would be upsetting to most experimenters today but appear to have bothered only a minority of scientists in the fifties.
Harry Harlow (1905-1981) emerges as an unhappy, driven, and very hard drinking scientist. He was, particularly in his later years, spectacularly and deliberately politically incorrect. Harlow was made famous by his sense for important questions coupled with a love of controversy and eye for publicity.
I remember very well the first psychology conference I ever attended. It was a huge meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association in Philadelphia in the late sixties. My advisor, Joe Ayres, presented a paper of ours at a standing room only symposium—I was supposed to have presented it but had chickened out. One of the subsequent papers in the symposium dealt with operant conditioning in monkeys who had been maintained for months in restraint chairs. Joe Ayres rose after this presentation to ask the presenter how he could ethically justify keeping the animals in restraint for so long. I don’t now remember the answer but do recall the tension in the crowded room when the issue (about which probably everyone was thinking) was raised publicly.
The same tension suffuses Love at Goon Park. Some of Harry Harlow’s brutal experiments on monkeys, such as those using the “pit of despair,” would be upsetting to most experimenters today but appear to have bothered only a minority of scientists in the fifties.
Harry Harlow (1905-1981) emerges as an unhappy, driven, and very hard drinking scientist. He was, particularly in his later years, spectacularly and deliberately politically incorrect. Harlow was made famous by his sense for important questions coupled with a love of controversy and eye for publicity.
Blum, K. & Noble, E.P. (1997). (Eds.), Handbook of Psychiatric Genetics. New York: CRC Press. (appeared in The Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 26, 409-413).
Keeping up with the literature has changed from being a merely unattainable goal to a painful joke. Regardless of when one first started in the scientific enterprise, one’s expertise, in the sense of what one really knows in detail, has shrunk in proportion to what is known. Books that review the current state of a particular literature, therefore, are ever more useful as the pace of scientific change quickens. The necessity to get up to speed on particular topics explains the popularity of focused edited books, such as handbooks, and journals, such as Behavioral and Brain Sciences, that publish review articles followed by extensive commentary. Nowhere are these observations more to the point than in the broad spectrum of topics dealing with genetics.
The editors of the Handbook are Dr. Kenneth Blum, Research Professor in the Department of Behavioral Sciences of the University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio and Dr. Ernest Noble, Pike Professor of Alcohol Studies at UCLA and Director of the UCLA Alcohol Research Center. The editors are both very well known researchers in the area of genetics and the addictions. Together with their colleagues, they discovered a molecular genetic variant of the dopamine D2 receptor gene in severe alcoholism and other addictive behaviors. They aptly introduce their Handbook in the preface.
"The study of psychiatric genetics has become increasingly important as a specialty area within medical genetics. This domain, originally restricted to a few researchers, has now become a vast (although somewhat uncharted) common ground for scientists from very diverse fields including psychiatry, psychology, medical and population genetics, anthropology, molecular biology, biochemistry, pharmacology, neurology, and medical ethics. The increased interest stems principally from advances in molecular genetic techniques, the genome project, the neurosciences, enhanced public awareness of the role of genes in somatic diseases, and more recently, the finding of genes for complex mental disorders. The announcements of genes associated with such devastating genetically based single-gene disorders such as Huntington's disease, cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy, lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, and even aging has profoundly aroused the interest of people all over the world."
The Handbook is divided into six sections. The first, Genetic Mechanisms in Psychiatry: Analytic Approaches deals with research design and strategy. Topics that are revisited in several subsequent chapters. Investigations of the genetics of behavioral disorders has been guided by the "one gene, one disorder" or OGOD hypothesis. This approach has led to such successes as the discovery of the gene for Huntington’s Chorea. Unfortunately, this strategy has not been successful in the area of major mental disorders, leading to failures to replicate and withdrawn claims. These problems of replicability are the central concern of many of the chapters in the Handbook. The principal reason for this lack of success appears to be that the etiology of major mental disorders does not involve single genes of large effect. Therefore, the staple of investigations of psychiatric disorders, pedigree studies of affected kindreds, has not been very informative because many genes are involved.
One of the attractive features of the Handbook is that the methodologically oriented chapters recommend a variety of different approaches to obtaining replicable findings. Sometimes these approaches are mutually supportive and sometimes reflect underlying disagreements about the best strategy. Among the issues debated are the relative merits of allelic association designs (in which affected and unaffected individuals are compared regardless of their kinship status), affected-sibling-pair designs, and affected-pedigree-member designs, the importance of ethnicity and other potentially confounding factors in association studies, the relative merits of representative versus pure samples, and so forth.
It does appear, however, that allelic association studies will become more important in the future. Already, the genome project has identified a large number of markers on many chromosomes. The identification of these markers means that genes of modest effect size can be identified in association studies. This improvement allows pedigree studies to be bypassed and, because association studies are relatively easy to conduct, will contribute to rapid progress in the study of polygenic disorders and other conditions.
The second and third sections deal with DNA analysis and the Molecular Biology of Receptors and Associated Proteins, respectively. These two sections are written clearly enough for persistent nonspecialists to follow the main points and cover the DNA techniques and neurotransmitters that are the subject of the remainder of the book. Regrettably, all I am able to say with any authority about these two sections is that a very attractive font is employed in each of their eight chapters.
Section Four presents research on Psychiatric Genetics. The psychiatric disorders covered include childhood psychopathology, Alzheimer’s Disease, manic-depressive illness, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and reward deficiency syndrome. In addition there is a chapter on polygenic inheritance of psychiatric disorders and the genetics of personality. These latter two chapters require additional comment.
David Comings’ chapter on polygenic inheritance presents what is likely to be the most controversial thesis. Comings argues from association studies that "polygenes (mutant genes involved in polygenic inheritance) are not disease specific but are involved in a spectrum of disorders and are fundamentally different from those involved in single-gene disorders in that they have a much milder effect on gene function and tend to involve non-exon sequences. As such, the carrier rate in the population can be high. Their deleterious effect comes when individuals inherit a greater than threshold number of polygenes." (p.237). These polygenes are asserted to cause an imbalance between dopamine and serotonin (and norepinehrine) resulting in a variety of impulsive, compulsive, addictive, anxious, and affective disorders. These disorders include alcoholism, drug abuse, pathological gambling, compulsive behaviors, ADHD, antisocial behaviors, conduct disorder, depression, obesity, phobias, panic attacks, PTSD, autism, Tourette syndrome, and chronic tics.
Comings’ thesis is provocative, not because of the methodology employed or the finding that these conditions are in part heritable, but because of the grouping of the disorders that is implied. Do we expect persons with antisocial personality disorder to be more likely to be obese or to suffer from PTSD? Perhaps not, as we might expect some genes of small effect to be related to a wide range of conditions.
Thomas Bouchard, of the famous Minnesota Twin Study, describes research on the genetics of personality. The establishment of replicable heritability estimates for personality traits has been possible because of the great effort put into the development of psychometrically sound measures. A message also made abundantly clear in a recent edited book on intelligence (Sternberg & Grigorenko, 1997). This same care in measurement permits the identification of specific genes that are related to particular personality traits, in fact, a gene related to the trait of novelty seeking has already been identified (Benjamin et al., 1996; Ebstein et al., 1996). The new usefulness of the very large amount of previous psychometric research is demonstrated in a number of the other chapters, particularly the chapter on childhood psychopathology by James Hudziak.
Section Five, Substance Abuse Disorders, contains six chapters. Alcoholism, cigarette smoking, polysubstance abuse, and compulsive disorders are covered, primarily in connection with dopamine receptor genes. The last chapter, by Kenneth Blum and others presents a meta-analysis of the DRD2 gene locus in the "reward deficiency syndrome." Meta-analytic results strongly support the greater frequency of the D2A1 allele in severe forms of alcoholism and suggest, as in Comings’ studies described earlier, that the D2A1 allele is more common in a variety of other psychopathological conditions.
Section Six, From Animal Research to Society: Genetic Impact on Behavior, has a chapter on quantitative trait loci for mouse behaviors, on genetic determinants of alcohol preference, and on ethical issues in genetic screening, gene therapy, and scientific conduct.
n all, this is a worthwhile book. The chapters are authoritatively written by prominent researchers, the state of the art knowledge on the genetic etiology of a wide variety of conditions is described, and there are descriptions of the technology involved in this sort of work. Overall, the sense one gets from reading this handbook in its entirety is that research in psychiatric genetics holds tremendous promise and that this promise will be realized with astonishing speed.
References:
Benjamin et al. (1996). Population and familial association between the D4 dopamine receptor gene and measures of novelty seeking. Nature Genetics, 12, 81-84.
Ebstein et al. (1996). Dopamine D4 receptor (D4DR) exon III polymorphism associated with the human personality trait of Novelty Seeking. Nature Genetics, 12, 78-80
Sternberg, J. & Grigorenko, E. (1997). (Eds.). Intelligence, heredity, and environment. Cambridge University Press.
Keeping up with the literature has changed from being a merely unattainable goal to a painful joke. Regardless of when one first started in the scientific enterprise, one’s expertise, in the sense of what one really knows in detail, has shrunk in proportion to what is known. Books that review the current state of a particular literature, therefore, are ever more useful as the pace of scientific change quickens. The necessity to get up to speed on particular topics explains the popularity of focused edited books, such as handbooks, and journals, such as Behavioral and Brain Sciences, that publish review articles followed by extensive commentary. Nowhere are these observations more to the point than in the broad spectrum of topics dealing with genetics.
The editors of the Handbook are Dr. Kenneth Blum, Research Professor in the Department of Behavioral Sciences of the University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio and Dr. Ernest Noble, Pike Professor of Alcohol Studies at UCLA and Director of the UCLA Alcohol Research Center. The editors are both very well known researchers in the area of genetics and the addictions. Together with their colleagues, they discovered a molecular genetic variant of the dopamine D2 receptor gene in severe alcoholism and other addictive behaviors. They aptly introduce their Handbook in the preface.
"The study of psychiatric genetics has become increasingly important as a specialty area within medical genetics. This domain, originally restricted to a few researchers, has now become a vast (although somewhat uncharted) common ground for scientists from very diverse fields including psychiatry, psychology, medical and population genetics, anthropology, molecular biology, biochemistry, pharmacology, neurology, and medical ethics. The increased interest stems principally from advances in molecular genetic techniques, the genome project, the neurosciences, enhanced public awareness of the role of genes in somatic diseases, and more recently, the finding of genes for complex mental disorders. The announcements of genes associated with such devastating genetically based single-gene disorders such as Huntington's disease, cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy, lung cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, and even aging has profoundly aroused the interest of people all over the world."
The Handbook is divided into six sections. The first, Genetic Mechanisms in Psychiatry: Analytic Approaches deals with research design and strategy. Topics that are revisited in several subsequent chapters. Investigations of the genetics of behavioral disorders has been guided by the "one gene, one disorder" or OGOD hypothesis. This approach has led to such successes as the discovery of the gene for Huntington’s Chorea. Unfortunately, this strategy has not been successful in the area of major mental disorders, leading to failures to replicate and withdrawn claims. These problems of replicability are the central concern of many of the chapters in the Handbook. The principal reason for this lack of success appears to be that the etiology of major mental disorders does not involve single genes of large effect. Therefore, the staple of investigations of psychiatric disorders, pedigree studies of affected kindreds, has not been very informative because many genes are involved.
One of the attractive features of the Handbook is that the methodologically oriented chapters recommend a variety of different approaches to obtaining replicable findings. Sometimes these approaches are mutually supportive and sometimes reflect underlying disagreements about the best strategy. Among the issues debated are the relative merits of allelic association designs (in which affected and unaffected individuals are compared regardless of their kinship status), affected-sibling-pair designs, and affected-pedigree-member designs, the importance of ethnicity and other potentially confounding factors in association studies, the relative merits of representative versus pure samples, and so forth.
It does appear, however, that allelic association studies will become more important in the future. Already, the genome project has identified a large number of markers on many chromosomes. The identification of these markers means that genes of modest effect size can be identified in association studies. This improvement allows pedigree studies to be bypassed and, because association studies are relatively easy to conduct, will contribute to rapid progress in the study of polygenic disorders and other conditions.
The second and third sections deal with DNA analysis and the Molecular Biology of Receptors and Associated Proteins, respectively. These two sections are written clearly enough for persistent nonspecialists to follow the main points and cover the DNA techniques and neurotransmitters that are the subject of the remainder of the book. Regrettably, all I am able to say with any authority about these two sections is that a very attractive font is employed in each of their eight chapters.
Section Four presents research on Psychiatric Genetics. The psychiatric disorders covered include childhood psychopathology, Alzheimer’s Disease, manic-depressive illness, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and reward deficiency syndrome. In addition there is a chapter on polygenic inheritance of psychiatric disorders and the genetics of personality. These latter two chapters require additional comment.
David Comings’ chapter on polygenic inheritance presents what is likely to be the most controversial thesis. Comings argues from association studies that "polygenes (mutant genes involved in polygenic inheritance) are not disease specific but are involved in a spectrum of disorders and are fundamentally different from those involved in single-gene disorders in that they have a much milder effect on gene function and tend to involve non-exon sequences. As such, the carrier rate in the population can be high. Their deleterious effect comes when individuals inherit a greater than threshold number of polygenes." (p.237). These polygenes are asserted to cause an imbalance between dopamine and serotonin (and norepinehrine) resulting in a variety of impulsive, compulsive, addictive, anxious, and affective disorders. These disorders include alcoholism, drug abuse, pathological gambling, compulsive behaviors, ADHD, antisocial behaviors, conduct disorder, depression, obesity, phobias, panic attacks, PTSD, autism, Tourette syndrome, and chronic tics.
Comings’ thesis is provocative, not because of the methodology employed or the finding that these conditions are in part heritable, but because of the grouping of the disorders that is implied. Do we expect persons with antisocial personality disorder to be more likely to be obese or to suffer from PTSD? Perhaps not, as we might expect some genes of small effect to be related to a wide range of conditions.
Thomas Bouchard, of the famous Minnesota Twin Study, describes research on the genetics of personality. The establishment of replicable heritability estimates for personality traits has been possible because of the great effort put into the development of psychometrically sound measures. A message also made abundantly clear in a recent edited book on intelligence (Sternberg & Grigorenko, 1997). This same care in measurement permits the identification of specific genes that are related to particular personality traits, in fact, a gene related to the trait of novelty seeking has already been identified (Benjamin et al., 1996; Ebstein et al., 1996). The new usefulness of the very large amount of previous psychometric research is demonstrated in a number of the other chapters, particularly the chapter on childhood psychopathology by James Hudziak.
Section Five, Substance Abuse Disorders, contains six chapters. Alcoholism, cigarette smoking, polysubstance abuse, and compulsive disorders are covered, primarily in connection with dopamine receptor genes. The last chapter, by Kenneth Blum and others presents a meta-analysis of the DRD2 gene locus in the "reward deficiency syndrome." Meta-analytic results strongly support the greater frequency of the D2A1 allele in severe forms of alcoholism and suggest, as in Comings’ studies described earlier, that the D2A1 allele is more common in a variety of other psychopathological conditions.
Section Six, From Animal Research to Society: Genetic Impact on Behavior, has a chapter on quantitative trait loci for mouse behaviors, on genetic determinants of alcohol preference, and on ethical issues in genetic screening, gene therapy, and scientific conduct.
n all, this is a worthwhile book. The chapters are authoritatively written by prominent researchers, the state of the art knowledge on the genetic etiology of a wide variety of conditions is described, and there are descriptions of the technology involved in this sort of work. Overall, the sense one gets from reading this handbook in its entirety is that research in psychiatric genetics holds tremendous promise and that this promise will be realized with astonishing speed.
References:
Benjamin et al. (1996). Population and familial association between the D4 dopamine receptor gene and measures of novelty seeking. Nature Genetics, 12, 81-84.
Ebstein et al. (1996). Dopamine D4 receptor (D4DR) exon III polymorphism associated with the human personality trait of Novelty Seeking. Nature Genetics, 12, 78-80
Sternberg, J. & Grigorenko, E. (1997). (Eds.). Intelligence, heredity, and environment. Cambridge University Press.
Bock, G.R. & Cardew, G. (1997). Characterizing human psychological adaptations. NY: Wiley (Ciba Foundation).
This is a book with chapters by some of the best in the business. Written for an academic audience. Some of the chapters are quite technical, but most are pretty accessible, if closely argued. The most interesting part of the book for me was the criticisms of the more radical aspects of Randy Thornhill’s adaptationist approach in the discussion of his paper.
Steven Gangestad makes the argument for people like me who are interested in individual differences from an evolutionary perspective.
Not for the casual reader but real good for those who do research in this area.
This is a book with chapters by some of the best in the business. Written for an academic audience. Some of the chapters are quite technical, but most are pretty accessible, if closely argued. The most interesting part of the book for me was the criticisms of the more radical aspects of Randy Thornhill’s adaptationist approach in the discussion of his paper.
Steven Gangestad makes the argument for people like me who are interested in individual differences from an evolutionary perspective.
Not for the casual reader but real good for those who do research in this area.
Briggs, D. & Walters, S.M. (1984). Plant variation and evolution, 2nd edition. London: Cambridge University Press.
I got this book on sale because I know beans about plants. This book is written as a textbook and is quite dry, well, more than dry...tedious. Some interesting stuff on plants achieving reproductive isolation in one swell foop by chromosomal doubling. Many plants self-pollinate, either occasionally or always, some reproduce vegetatively. I suppose one needs more reproductive options if one is planted firmly in the ground.
I’m still looking for an interesting book on plant evolution.
I got this book on sale because I know beans about plants. This book is written as a textbook and is quite dry, well, more than dry...tedious. Some interesting stuff on plants achieving reproductive isolation in one swell foop by chromosomal doubling. Many plants self-pollinate, either occasionally or always, some reproduce vegetatively. I suppose one needs more reproductive options if one is planted firmly in the ground.
I’m still looking for an interesting book on plant evolution.
Bryant, K.J., Windle, M., & West, S.G. (Eds.). (1997). The Science of Prevention: Methodological advances from alcohol and substance abuse research. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
This book grew out of a 1994 meeting of methodologists and researchers sponsored by the US National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. The editors are active and prominent researchers in the areas of substance abuse and quantitative evaluation methods. The book consists of 12 chapters pertaining to the analysis of substance abuse prevention programs. The techniques covered include latent-variable modelling, latent transition analysis, econometric models, behavioral genetic methods, estimating the magnitude of the effect sizes of components of multi-component interventions, time series, item homogeneity scaling and multi-level analysis, measurement invariance of psychological instruments, missing data, power analysis, and the methodological quality of research in meta-analysis.
The editors have been successful in obtaining clear and up- to- date descriptions of analytical methods that apply to a wide variety of prevention programs, not just substance abuse. The level of difficulty of the chapters varies but in general is suitable for applied researchers and students who have had some graduate training in statistics. Unless one is planning to write a review of this book for a journal or teach a graduate course in program evaluation, one would never sit down and read this entire book. The book’s primary use is for researchers who are interested in an overview of a specific quantitative method.
The book provides evidence for the editors’ belief that applied quantitative methods developed in the past few years allow investigators to tackle more difficult new questions and to approach old questions with more precision. It turns out that Sokal’s (1996) “liberatory mathematics” is not a complete hoax after all.
I found the chapter on the methodological quality of meta-analytic reviews by Bangert-Drowns, Wells-Parker, and Chevillard of particular interest. Meta-analysis has been controversial since it was first developed, in part because it combines effect size data over studies that vary widely in methodological quality. Consumers of these reviews are implicitly asked to believe the implausible claim that methodologically flawed studies contribute to a more precise estimate of effect size. The demand placed on consumer credulity by this claim is not reduced much by reports that measures of studies’ methodological quality do not correlate with effect size, correlate inconsistently with effect size over meta-analyses, or fail to meet minimal criteria for inter-rater reliability. After reviewing various approaches to dealing with variations in methodological quality over studies, Bangert-Drowns et al. provide an instructive and detailed example of a meta-analysis of interventions designed to reduce incidents of driving under the influence of alcohol. They used different groups of experts in the area to define dimensions of study quality, to operationalize the measurement of these dimensions, and to perform the actual ratings. Grouping strategy (random assignment, pretreatment equivalence, and low attrition) was the most reliably rated index of study quality and was highly related to experts’ assessment of overall study quality. All this effort led to a satisfying and sensible result: The higher the rating of the rigour of the grouping strategy, the greater the convergence on the average intervention effect size.
Reference
Sokal, A.D. (1996). Transgressing the boundaries: Toward a transformative hermeneutics of quantum gravity. Social Text, 46/47, 217‑252.
This book grew out of a 1994 meeting of methodologists and researchers sponsored by the US National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. The editors are active and prominent researchers in the areas of substance abuse and quantitative evaluation methods. The book consists of 12 chapters pertaining to the analysis of substance abuse prevention programs. The techniques covered include latent-variable modelling, latent transition analysis, econometric models, behavioral genetic methods, estimating the magnitude of the effect sizes of components of multi-component interventions, time series, item homogeneity scaling and multi-level analysis, measurement invariance of psychological instruments, missing data, power analysis, and the methodological quality of research in meta-analysis.
The editors have been successful in obtaining clear and up- to- date descriptions of analytical methods that apply to a wide variety of prevention programs, not just substance abuse. The level of difficulty of the chapters varies but in general is suitable for applied researchers and students who have had some graduate training in statistics. Unless one is planning to write a review of this book for a journal or teach a graduate course in program evaluation, one would never sit down and read this entire book. The book’s primary use is for researchers who are interested in an overview of a specific quantitative method.
The book provides evidence for the editors’ belief that applied quantitative methods developed in the past few years allow investigators to tackle more difficult new questions and to approach old questions with more precision. It turns out that Sokal’s (1996) “liberatory mathematics” is not a complete hoax after all.
I found the chapter on the methodological quality of meta-analytic reviews by Bangert-Drowns, Wells-Parker, and Chevillard of particular interest. Meta-analysis has been controversial since it was first developed, in part because it combines effect size data over studies that vary widely in methodological quality. Consumers of these reviews are implicitly asked to believe the implausible claim that methodologically flawed studies contribute to a more precise estimate of effect size. The demand placed on consumer credulity by this claim is not reduced much by reports that measures of studies’ methodological quality do not correlate with effect size, correlate inconsistently with effect size over meta-analyses, or fail to meet minimal criteria for inter-rater reliability. After reviewing various approaches to dealing with variations in methodological quality over studies, Bangert-Drowns et al. provide an instructive and detailed example of a meta-analysis of interventions designed to reduce incidents of driving under the influence of alcohol. They used different groups of experts in the area to define dimensions of study quality, to operationalize the measurement of these dimensions, and to perform the actual ratings. Grouping strategy (random assignment, pretreatment equivalence, and low attrition) was the most reliably rated index of study quality and was highly related to experts’ assessment of overall study quality. All this effort led to a satisfying and sensible result: The higher the rating of the rigour of the grouping strategy, the greater the convergence on the average intervention effect size.
Reference
Sokal, A.D. (1996). Transgressing the boundaries: Toward a transformative hermeneutics of quantum gravity. Social Text, 46/47, 217‑252.
Buderi, R. (1996). The invention that changed the world. NY: Simon & Schuster.
The invention was radar. It is amazing how radar and the research work associated with it had ramifications across a wide spectrum of science and technology. The first part of the book is very entertaining. It describes the early British work leading to the later start of the Americans who carried the thing through to fruition.
The middle part of the book (on reverberations, repercussions, and ramifications) had too many scientists in it for my tiny brain, something like the cast of characters in a big Russian novel. The book picks up again toward the end in a very interesting description of the development of the North American air defense network (figured out primarily by guys who were originally in the “Rad Lab”.
The invention was radar. It is amazing how radar and the research work associated with it had ramifications across a wide spectrum of science and technology. The first part of the book is very entertaining. It describes the early British work leading to the later start of the Americans who carried the thing through to fruition.
The middle part of the book (on reverberations, repercussions, and ramifications) had too many scientists in it for my tiny brain, something like the cast of characters in a big Russian novel. The book picks up again toward the end in a very interesting description of the development of the North American air defense network (figured out primarily by guys who were originally in the “Rad Lab”.
Burr. C. (2002). The emperor of scent: A story of perfume, obsession, and the last mystery of the senses. N.Y.: Random House.
A very uneven and somewhat strange book by a fine science writer (author of the first rate A separate creation). A chance encounter led Burr to set out to write a book about a paradigm shift in olfaction. The protagonist, Luca Turin, is a prickly and difficult, although undeniably brilliant, investigator who is at odds with established researchers clinging to Amoore's venerable, but rather unsucessful, receptor shape theory of odour perception. Turin's alternative theory of molecular vibration can explain why we can smell an infinitie number of different smells, why molecules of similar shapes may smell dissimilar, and why different molecules of exactly the same shape smell differently from each other.
The book brings out the remarkable characteristics of olfaction in a very interesting discussion of perfumes (upon which Turin is an expert) and the perfume industry. The trouble for Burr is that Turin's apparently superior theory does not triumph but is dismissed, seemingly because of the ignorance of its critics, who basically can't be bothered to read it carefully (or at all). Part of the problem is that the theory spans physics and chemistry and most scientists specialize in one of the other. In any event, the book doesn't have the end for which Burr had hoped and he becomes a little disenchanted with the scientific enterprise, at least as practiced by self-interested and intellectually limited humans.
Despite being odd, this is a good book.
A very uneven and somewhat strange book by a fine science writer (author of the first rate A separate creation). A chance encounter led Burr to set out to write a book about a paradigm shift in olfaction. The protagonist, Luca Turin, is a prickly and difficult, although undeniably brilliant, investigator who is at odds with established researchers clinging to Amoore's venerable, but rather unsucessful, receptor shape theory of odour perception. Turin's alternative theory of molecular vibration can explain why we can smell an infinitie number of different smells, why molecules of similar shapes may smell dissimilar, and why different molecules of exactly the same shape smell differently from each other.
The book brings out the remarkable characteristics of olfaction in a very interesting discussion of perfumes (upon which Turin is an expert) and the perfume industry. The trouble for Burr is that Turin's apparently superior theory does not triumph but is dismissed, seemingly because of the ignorance of its critics, who basically can't be bothered to read it carefully (or at all). Part of the problem is that the theory spans physics and chemistry and most scientists specialize in one of the other. In any event, the book doesn't have the end for which Burr had hoped and he becomes a little disenchanted with the scientific enterprise, at least as practiced by self-interested and intellectually limited humans.
Despite being odd, this is a good book.
Burr, C. (1996). A separate creation: The search for the biological origins of sexual orientation. N.Y.: Hyperion.
A little low and slow and repetitious but nevertheless very well done. Interviews with Hamer, Bailey, Botstein and others. Much worrying about the implications of this genetic work and a beautiful conclusion (when you think about what’s coming real soon, testing for the gay gene isn’t much of a big deal).
A few things I didn’t know, like how far we’ve come in being able to test for any number or all genes in your local physician’s office. Alone, the book is worth reading for finding out about sex determination in the Trichogramma wasp. I won’t tell you how it’s done but it’ll knock your socks off.
A little low and slow and repetitious but nevertheless very well done. Interviews with Hamer, Bailey, Botstein and others. Much worrying about the implications of this genetic work and a beautiful conclusion (when you think about what’s coming real soon, testing for the gay gene isn’t much of a big deal).
A few things I didn’t know, like how far we’ve come in being able to test for any number or all genes in your local physician’s office. Alone, the book is worth reading for finding out about sex determination in the Trichogramma wasp. I won’t tell you how it’s done but it’ll knock your socks off.
Burrell, B. (2004). Postcards from the brain museum: The improbable search for meaning in the matter of famous minds. NY: Random House.
I’m not sure it’s an improbable idea that the brains of great men might hold a clue to their greatness. In any event, most of the brains people collected sat around and rotted because nobody really knew how to analyze them. The histories of various brain repositories, brain investigators, and people whose brains were collected (like Walt Whitman’s) are covered. Most of the interest in this line of inquiry has vanished, except for some isolated workers in Russia and a recent study of Einstein’s brain.
Of passing interest.
I’m not sure it’s an improbable idea that the brains of great men might hold a clue to their greatness. In any event, most of the brains people collected sat around and rotted because nobody really knew how to analyze them. The histories of various brain repositories, brain investigators, and people whose brains were collected (like Walt Whitman’s) are covered. Most of the interest in this line of inquiry has vanished, except for some isolated workers in Russia and a recent study of Einstein’s brain.
Of passing interest.
Burke, J. (1999). The knowledge web. Toronto: Simon and Schuster.
Burke, J. (2000). Circles. Toronto: Simon and Schuster.
There is a pedagogical lesson in these two books. Burke produces entertaining educational TV shows that document the unexpected connections among developments in science and technology. These books (which overlap somewhat in content) are exactly like the TV shows—they are brain candy. The connections draw one on and are indeed interesting but once one (or at least this one) is through reading, not a damn thing can be remembered. Our brains seem designed to remember themes and content and the connections among disparate things simply do not serve as a mnemonic device.
Burke, J. (2000). Circles. Toronto: Simon and Schuster.
There is a pedagogical lesson in these two books. Burke produces entertaining educational TV shows that document the unexpected connections among developments in science and technology. These books (which overlap somewhat in content) are exactly like the TV shows—they are brain candy. The connections draw one on and are indeed interesting but once one (or at least this one) is through reading, not a damn thing can be remembered. Our brains seem designed to remember themes and content and the connections among disparate things simply do not serve as a mnemonic device.
Burt, J. (2006). Rat. London: Reaktion Books.
This is a peculiar little book purporting to tell all about rats. It is copiously illustrated—some of the illustrations are interesting but many are too small, at least for my eyes. The book presents the varied portrayals of rats in history and in literature, and describes aspects of rats’ natural history and their use in science. The latter two topics are covered only superficially. Although the book is of some interest, the author seems to be searching unsuccessfully for some theme to motivate the prose.
This is a peculiar little book purporting to tell all about rats. It is copiously illustrated—some of the illustrations are interesting but many are too small, at least for my eyes. The book presents the varied portrayals of rats in history and in literature, and describes aspects of rats’ natural history and their use in science. The latter two topics are covered only superficially. Although the book is of some interest, the author seems to be searching unsuccessfully for some theme to motivate the prose.
Bowler, P.J. & Morus, I.R. (2005). Making modern science: A historical survey. University of Chicago Press.
A model of clear exposition but frequently off-putting nonetheless. The agenda of these authors is to show that earlier accounts of scientific discovery are not only Whig History but mythical. Their modus operandi is to describe a scientific revolution (such as the Newtonian or Darwinian) and then inform us that it wasn’t really a revolution (because it was anticipated, some scientific contemporaries didn’t buy the new conception, and so forth). These authors prefer some sort of less “rigid” holistic approach to reductionist methodologies. In the end, I didn’t trust their scientific judgment.
The frontispiece of this book could have been a New Yorker cartoon in which a devil comes up to heaven to claim a forlorn looking angel who is told by a senior angel “Sorry, Ed, but the revisionist historians finally caught up with you.”
A model of clear exposition but frequently off-putting nonetheless. The agenda of these authors is to show that earlier accounts of scientific discovery are not only Whig History but mythical. Their modus operandi is to describe a scientific revolution (such as the Newtonian or Darwinian) and then inform us that it wasn’t really a revolution (because it was anticipated, some scientific contemporaries didn’t buy the new conception, and so forth). These authors prefer some sort of less “rigid” holistic approach to reductionist methodologies. In the end, I didn’t trust their scientific judgment.
The frontispiece of this book could have been a New Yorker cartoon in which a devil comes up to heaven to claim a forlorn looking angel who is told by a senior angel “Sorry, Ed, but the revisionist historians finally caught up with you.”
Caras, R.A. (1996). A perfect harmony: The intertwining lives of animals and humans throughout history. NY: Simon & Schuster.
Aimed at a lay readership. Some interesting observations but not anything new to biology types and bereft of theory.
Aimed at a lay readership. Some interesting observations but not anything new to biology types and bereft of theory.
Cairns-Smith, A.G. (1996). Evolving the mind: On the nature of matter and the origin of consciousness. Cambridge University Press.
Cairns-Smith is the chemist who thinks life originated with clay. Here, he disdains the mundane questions surrounding the origin of life and moves to the classic mind-body problem. Unlike most who tackle this subject, he is definitely not a flake. The book is a review of almost everything but the best part concerns matter at the cellular and subcellular level, particularly an exceptionally clear intuitive presentation of quantum theory. The neuroscience is well presented but is extremely basic. Cairns-Smith understands Darwinian theory and uses it to effect, essentially arguing that consciousness is highly likely to be an adaptation designed to integrate information from separate neural systems. How does mind influence matter? Well, matter is not what one naively thinks it is and mind and matter turn out to be made of the same fundamentally baffling stuff.
Cairns-Smith is the chemist who thinks life originated with clay. Here, he disdains the mundane questions surrounding the origin of life and moves to the classic mind-body problem. Unlike most who tackle this subject, he is definitely not a flake. The book is a review of almost everything but the best part concerns matter at the cellular and subcellular level, particularly an exceptionally clear intuitive presentation of quantum theory. The neuroscience is well presented but is extremely basic. Cairns-Smith understands Darwinian theory and uses it to effect, essentially arguing that consciousness is highly likely to be an adaptation designed to integrate information from separate neural systems. How does mind influence matter? Well, matter is not what one naively thinks it is and mind and matter turn out to be made of the same fundamentally baffling stuff.
Carroll, S.B. (2005). Endless forms most beautiful: The new science of evo devo. NY: Norton.
Very nice job of clearly describing the most recent big theoretical advance in the life sciences. Evo-devo, as I never tire of telling anyone who will listen, represents our scientific future. The big advances in biological theory have been the formulation of the theory of natural selection, the synthesis of genetics and natural selection, the discovery of DNA, the discovery of the self-organizing principles of embryology, and now evo-devo, the linking of genes, development, and evolutionary theory. All of these advances save the first two have occurred in my lifetime and the pace is quickening. A very good time to be alive!
I highly recommend this book. It’s pitched at roughly a biology 100 level and has lots of helpful examples and illustrations. Less difficult and not as abstract as, for example, another masterpiece of this genre, The Art of Genes.
Very nice job of clearly describing the most recent big theoretical advance in the life sciences. Evo-devo, as I never tire of telling anyone who will listen, represents our scientific future. The big advances in biological theory have been the formulation of the theory of natural selection, the synthesis of genetics and natural selection, the discovery of DNA, the discovery of the self-organizing principles of embryology, and now evo-devo, the linking of genes, development, and evolutionary theory. All of these advances save the first two have occurred in my lifetime and the pace is quickening. A very good time to be alive!
I highly recommend this book. It’s pitched at roughly a biology 100 level and has lots of helpful examples and illustrations. Less difficult and not as abstract as, for example, another masterpiece of this genre, The Art of Genes.
Carter, C.S., Lederhendler, I.I., & Kirkpatrick, B. (Eds.). (1999).The integrative neurobiology of affiliation. MIT Press.
A good source of information on the hormonal mechanisms of affiliation across a variety of mammals. This is a fast moving area of research and, because the book is a reprint of a New York Academy of Sciences volume that appeared in 1996, some of this research is now a little out of date. The research on prairie voles, for example, has considerably advanced since this volume, mostly because of work done by those who wrote the chapters in this book.
A good source of information on the hormonal mechanisms of affiliation across a variety of mammals. This is a fast moving area of research and, because the book is a reprint of a New York Academy of Sciences volume that appeared in 1996, some of this research is now a little out of date. The research on prairie voles, for example, has considerably advanced since this volume, mostly because of work done by those who wrote the chapters in this book.
Cartwright, J. (2000). Evolution and human behavior. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
This new book on evolutionary psychology will be a strong competitor in the burgeoning market of texts for undergraduate evolution and human behavior courses. Instructors and students will appreciate the very clear exposition, the even level of difficulty that is maintained throughout, and the apposite choice of illustrations and graphs. Cartwright strikes a good balance between skepticism and enthusiasm. He gives credit where it’s due and suspends judgment or advises a caution in areas where the evidence is weaker.
There are twelve chapters. Their topics are the history of evolutionary psychology, the mechanisms of evolution, the selfish gene, mating, sexual selection, the evolution of brain size, language and the modularity of mind, anthropological approaches to understanding human sexual behavior, human mate choice, conflict, altruism, and the use and abuse of evolutionary theory. The coverage is fairly complete and the book avoids a common problem of introductory texts in evolutionary psychology, that of unduly emphasizing a particular narrow topic (usually involving the author’s own area of research).
This new book on evolutionary psychology will be a strong competitor in the burgeoning market of texts for undergraduate evolution and human behavior courses. Instructors and students will appreciate the very clear exposition, the even level of difficulty that is maintained throughout, and the apposite choice of illustrations and graphs. Cartwright strikes a good balance between skepticism and enthusiasm. He gives credit where it’s due and suspends judgment or advises a caution in areas where the evidence is weaker.
There are twelve chapters. Their topics are the history of evolutionary psychology, the mechanisms of evolution, the selfish gene, mating, sexual selection, the evolution of brain size, language and the modularity of mind, anthropological approaches to understanding human sexual behavior, human mate choice, conflict, altruism, and the use and abuse of evolutionary theory. The coverage is fairly complete and the book avoids a common problem of introductory texts in evolutionary psychology, that of unduly emphasizing a particular narrow topic (usually involving the author’s own area of research).
Cassidy, D.C. (2005). J. Robert Oppenheimer and the American Century. NY: PI Press.
On the one hand, one feels that Oppenheimer is picked on (the tall poppy syndrome?)—One can imagine people saying “he didn’t win the Nobel you know, he frittered his time away learning Sanscrit and drinking too much.” However, Oppenheimer does, even granting envy, come across as a less than heroic figure during the post-war American communist hunts. I think that people are disappointed that an apparently left-leaning and urbane scientist failed to protect science from the politicians, failed to protect his friends and himself from right-wing opportunists, and failed to move nuclear policy in a more sane direction. Oppenheimer and his wife Kitty were extremely ambitious. In the end, his reputation suffered because of what he was willing to do to satisfy this ambition.
The cynicism and the aggressive imperial nature of post-war American foreign policy and the complicity of leading American and European scientists (cf. Simpson, 1998) does not at first appear to be the focus of this book but emerges gradually from Oppenheimer’s biography. Big science as a tool of big business and the big military, coordinated in a short-sighted way by a reckless, ignorant, and amoral government. What a mess and what a legacy!
Reference
Simpson, C. (Ed.). (1998). Universities and empire: Money and politics in the social sciences during the cold war. NY: Norton.
On the one hand, one feels that Oppenheimer is picked on (the tall poppy syndrome?)—One can imagine people saying “he didn’t win the Nobel you know, he frittered his time away learning Sanscrit and drinking too much.” However, Oppenheimer does, even granting envy, come across as a less than heroic figure during the post-war American communist hunts. I think that people are disappointed that an apparently left-leaning and urbane scientist failed to protect science from the politicians, failed to protect his friends and himself from right-wing opportunists, and failed to move nuclear policy in a more sane direction. Oppenheimer and his wife Kitty were extremely ambitious. In the end, his reputation suffered because of what he was willing to do to satisfy this ambition.
The cynicism and the aggressive imperial nature of post-war American foreign policy and the complicity of leading American and European scientists (cf. Simpson, 1998) does not at first appear to be the focus of this book but emerges gradually from Oppenheimer’s biography. Big science as a tool of big business and the big military, coordinated in a short-sighted way by a reckless, ignorant, and amoral government. What a mess and what a legacy!
Reference
Simpson, C. (Ed.). (1998). Universities and empire: Money and politics in the social sciences during the cold war. NY: Norton.
Carman, J. & Harking, A. (Eds.). (1999/2004). Ancient warfare: Archeological perspectives. Phoenix Mill, UK: Sutton.
There are methodological problems in studying ancient warfare—in particular, the absence of obvious battle sites is difficult to interpret (no warfare or just none discovered?). Similarly, certain building structures may or may not be fortifications.
The beginning section has some amateurish theoretical chapters dealing with aggression but most of the chapters interpret archeological sites. The extensive work in the American Southwest is alluded to but not dealt with in any detail. This is a pity because the evidence of warfare and its variation through time seems better documented there than in Europe, which is the focus of this book. Nevertheless, it does appear that the prevalence of warfare did vary over time.
The history of ancient warfare is very difficult to figure out from archeology alone. If there is some written history to go with the archeology, a rich picture emerges. Consider this quote from Victor Hanson’s chapter concerning sixth and seventh century BC Greece entitled Hoplite obliteration: The case of the town of Thespiai.
"The history of the Greek city-state cannot be understood without considering the histories of hoplite battles. It is no exaggeration that the fate of entire communities literally depended on where, how and against whom their landowning hoplite soldiers were deployed in particular engagements… because of the decisive and horrific nature of the conflict, and the uneasy nature of coalition armies, [an] entire generation of farmers could be lost and their homes and families left vulnerable for decades—the experience of Classical Thespiai is an especially good example. In some sense, that city-state’s entire history is the story of little more than three tragic hours of fighting at Thermopylai, Delion and Nemea. Hoplite obliteration on those days led directly to the demolition of the city itself.”
There are methodological problems in studying ancient warfare—in particular, the absence of obvious battle sites is difficult to interpret (no warfare or just none discovered?). Similarly, certain building structures may or may not be fortifications.
The beginning section has some amateurish theoretical chapters dealing with aggression but most of the chapters interpret archeological sites. The extensive work in the American Southwest is alluded to but not dealt with in any detail. This is a pity because the evidence of warfare and its variation through time seems better documented there than in Europe, which is the focus of this book. Nevertheless, it does appear that the prevalence of warfare did vary over time.
The history of ancient warfare is very difficult to figure out from archeology alone. If there is some written history to go with the archeology, a rich picture emerges. Consider this quote from Victor Hanson’s chapter concerning sixth and seventh century BC Greece entitled Hoplite obliteration: The case of the town of Thespiai.
"The history of the Greek city-state cannot be understood without considering the histories of hoplite battles. It is no exaggeration that the fate of entire communities literally depended on where, how and against whom their landowning hoplite soldiers were deployed in particular engagements… because of the decisive and horrific nature of the conflict, and the uneasy nature of coalition armies, [an] entire generation of farmers could be lost and their homes and families left vulnerable for decades—the experience of Classical Thespiai is an especially good example. In some sense, that city-state’s entire history is the story of little more than three tragic hours of fighting at Thermopylai, Delion and Nemea. Hoplite obliteration on those days led directly to the demolition of the city itself.”
Chitty, D. (1996). Do lemmings commit suicide? Beautiful hypotheses and ugly facts. N.Y.: Oxford.
No they don’t but there is a picture on the cover of a lemming making a non-fatal leap from a rock.
Written by the elder statesman of population ecology. Chitty argues that we still don’t understand population swings in animals and that it is our (including his) fault. The science just hasn’t been good enough. Not enough strong inference research.
This book is jumpy and hard to follow. Some of the book’s features seem to be a result of the author’s aging. The early history of population ecology is interesting. Each section is begun by a quote of some kind, many of these are quite good.
No they don’t but there is a picture on the cover of a lemming making a non-fatal leap from a rock.
Written by the elder statesman of population ecology. Chitty argues that we still don’t understand population swings in animals and that it is our (including his) fault. The science just hasn’t been good enough. Not enough strong inference research.
This book is jumpy and hard to follow. Some of the book’s features seem to be a result of the author’s aging. The early history of population ecology is interesting. Each section is begun by a quote of some kind, many of these are quite good.
Cockburn, A., Cockburn, E., & Reyman, T.A. (Eds.). (1998). Mummies, disease and ancient cultures (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
A very odd new edition of the original mummy book. Very uneven chapters, some of which shouldn’t have been included. Among the book’s problems is the frequent failure to present enough context to inform very particularized and detailed discussions of individual mummies and, more understandably, missing information about some of the cases presented. Nevertheless, there are items of interest. I was absolutely amazed to discover the enormous number of mummies there are, especially in Egypt. There are some pathetic stories of how individuals met their demise, like the chronically unhealthy Inuit child who ate gravel (not gravol) in a futile attempt to keep from starving and the folks who got buried by accident and inhaled earth. Ancient populations had lots of parasites as well as lung damage from inhaling smoke from cooking fires in enclosed spaces or in Egypt, from inhaling sand.
A very odd new edition of the original mummy book. Very uneven chapters, some of which shouldn’t have been included. Among the book’s problems is the frequent failure to present enough context to inform very particularized and detailed discussions of individual mummies and, more understandably, missing information about some of the cases presented. Nevertheless, there are items of interest. I was absolutely amazed to discover the enormous number of mummies there are, especially in Egypt. There are some pathetic stories of how individuals met their demise, like the chronically unhealthy Inuit child who ate gravel (not gravol) in a futile attempt to keep from starving and the folks who got buried by accident and inhaled earth. Ancient populations had lots of parasites as well as lung damage from inhaling smoke from cooking fires in enclosed spaces or in Egypt, from inhaling sand.
Conant, J. (2017). Man of the hour: James B. Conant, warrior scientist. NY: Simon & Schuster.
This fat book, written by his granddaughter, is a detailed but straightforward account of the remarkable life of James Conant. For decades Conant was at the very center of American power and his list of accomplishments invites the reader to contemplate how he has frittered away his life.
Wikipedia ably summarizes the highpoints of his biography. “James Bryant Conant (March 26, 1893 – February 11, 1978) was an American chemist, a transformative President of Harvard University, and the first U.S. Ambassador to West Germany. Conant obtained a PhD in Chemistry from Harvard in 1916. During World War I he served in the U.S. Army, working on the development of poison gases. He became an assistant professor of chemistry at Harvard in 1919, and the Sheldon Emery Professor of Organic Chemistry in 1929. He researched the physical structures of natural products, particularly chlorophyll, and he was one of the first to explore the sometimes complex relationship between chemical equilibrium and the reaction rate of chemical processes. He studied the biochemistry of oxyhemoglobin providing insight into the disease methemoglobinemia, helped to explain the structure of chlorophyll, and contributed important insights that underlie modern theories of acid-base chemistry.
In 1933, Conant became the President of Harvard University with a reformist agenda that involved dispensing with a number of customs, including class rankings and the requirement for Latin classes. He abolished athletic scholarships, and instituted an "up or out" policy, under which scholars who were not promoted were terminated. His egalitarian vision of education required a diversified student body, and he promoted the adoption of the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) and co-educational classes. During his presidency, women were admitted to Harvard Medical School and Harvard Law School for the first time.
Conant was appointed to the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) in 1940, becoming its chairman in 1941. In this capacity, he oversaw vital wartime research projects, including the development of synthetic rubber, and the Manhattan Project, which developed the first atomic bombs. On July 16, 1945, he was among the dignitaries present at the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range for the Trinity nuclear test, the first detonation of an atomic bomb, and was part of the Interim Committee that advised President Harry S. Truman to use atomic bombs on Japan. After the war, he served on the Joint Research and Development Board (JRDC) that was established to coordinate burgeoning defense research, and on the influential General Advisory Committee (GAC) of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). While in this position, he would advise the president against starting a development program for the "hydrogen bomb".’
‘In his later years at Harvard, Conant taught undergraduate courses on the history and philosophy of science, and wrote books explaining the scientific method to laymen. In 1953 he retired as President of Harvard and became the United States High Commissioner for Germany, overseeing the restoration of German sovereignty after World War II, and then was Ambassador to West Germany until 1957. On returning to the United States, he criticized the education system in works such as The American High School Today (1959), Slums and Suburbs (1961) and The Education of American Teachers (1963). Between 1965 and 1969, Conant, suffering from a heart condition, worked on his autobiography, My Several Lives (1970). He became increasingly infirm, suffered a series of strokes in 1977, and died in a nursing home the following year.” (Wikipedia, accessed August 30th, 2018).
Although perhaps not intended by the author, this is a profoundly depressing book. The following extended quote from the book (pp. 493-495) shows why.
‘In a radio interview, Conant admitted that as an old man his thoughts often strayed back to the early days, but not the Manhattan Project. “I do not look back on that with any pleasure,” he said. “It was a tough job. What I look back on with pleasure is when I was a young carefree professor of chemistry doing my own research.” When asked about the difficult decisions he was forced to make on the wartime committees, the seventy-seven-year old scientist became querulous, almost but not quite acknowledging there were some that still gnawed at his soul.’
‘Well, the whole fact that the atomic bomb turned out to be what it was, and all the arguments about whether it should have been dropped,” he said wearily, his voice trailing off. “I’m never free from that,” The power and influence thrust on him by the government he had tried to use as a force for good by becoming an apostle for education….’
‘Conant was philosophical about all the criticism, writing to George Kistiakowsky in the spring of 1972 that he was not discouraged by the “negative voices about science.” Progress could not be stopped, and most nostalgia for a less complicated time was, in his view, misplaced. “A lot of people think they would rather live in the 18th century then today,” he mused, using the slightly mocking tone he always employed when pointing out the hypocrisy of the establishment. What they usually had in mind “without admitting it” was being one of the privileged few with their own farm and a retinue of servants. “But if one lists all the technological changes since 1800,” he added, “I think not one of us would be willing to go without.”
‘The letter echoed what he wrote in his book On Understanding Science: An Historical Approach shortly after the war:
The natural tendency of people to recoil with horror from all thought of further scientific advance because of the implications of the atomic bomb is to my mind based on a misapprehension of the nature of the universe. As I watched the secret development of the atomic bomb through four years of the war, I often thought of the work being done at the same time… of the then-secret research on penicillin, on DDT, on antimalarial drugs, on the use of blood plasma, and realized how much these scientific advances meant for the future of mankind. I often thought of Emerson’s famous essay on the Laws of Compensation:
“With every influx of light comes new danger…. There is a crack in everything God has made. It would seem there is always the vindictive stroke, this kick of the gun, certifying that the law is fatal, that in nature nothing can be given, all things are sold.”
Conant used science to safeguard American democratic freedoms, first by developing poison gas in WWI to protect against German imperial ambitions, then developing nuclear weapons in WWII to counteract the fascist threat and later the communist threat. His dream of halting work on the hydrogen bomb and instituting an international system for controlling and then eliminating nuclear weapon quickly fell victim to American and Soviet intransigence, paranoia, and incompetence. In 2018, nuclear weapons continue to spread and, ironically, American nuclear weapons are now controlled by a fascist government, exactly the prospect they were originally designed to prevent. The prospect of inadvertent nuclear war continues to grow.
It is also ironic that Conant pointed to the development of DDT and penicillin as a sure sign of progress. DDT was later misused, with the result that it was ineffective against malaria and poisoned people and wildlife world-wide. Similarly, penicillin’s effectiveness has steadily declined through overuse among people and livestock.
The tragedy of Conant’s life and 20th century science is that discovery rapidly led to technological development that ad to be implemented and controlled by a rat’s nest of governments, bureaucracies, and individuals who vary in competence, stability, and motive. Like a bunch of toddlers protecting their daycares with AK-47s.
Coen, E. (1999). The art of genes: How organisms make themselves. Oxford University Press.
Absolutely brilliant. The best science book I’ve read in a long time. Coen starts with a kind of far-fetched metaphor of organismic “hidden colours” that is a little off-putting at first but it soon becomes apparent that the metaphor greatly facilitates an intuitive understanding of the process of development. Coen does indeed explain how organisms make themselves while avoiding the problems of infinite regress that are fatal to many explanations of development, such as those postulating that genes create the organism from a DNA blueprint-- recent work reviewed in this book shows that it’s much more complicated and interesting than that.
Coen is a snapdragon runner and one of the highlights of the book is a description of how two groups of investigators (one of them Coen’s) independently developed a theory of floral differentiation from studying mutants; the theory predicted in detail the function of specific organ identity genes that were later identified.
By the time readers have mastered the meaning of Coen’s metaphors, they are ready to understand the deep parallels between the development of snapdragon flowers and fruit flies.
Very highly recommended.
This fat book, written by his granddaughter, is a detailed but straightforward account of the remarkable life of James Conant. For decades Conant was at the very center of American power and his list of accomplishments invites the reader to contemplate how he has frittered away his life.
Wikipedia ably summarizes the highpoints of his biography. “James Bryant Conant (March 26, 1893 – February 11, 1978) was an American chemist, a transformative President of Harvard University, and the first U.S. Ambassador to West Germany. Conant obtained a PhD in Chemistry from Harvard in 1916. During World War I he served in the U.S. Army, working on the development of poison gases. He became an assistant professor of chemistry at Harvard in 1919, and the Sheldon Emery Professor of Organic Chemistry in 1929. He researched the physical structures of natural products, particularly chlorophyll, and he was one of the first to explore the sometimes complex relationship between chemical equilibrium and the reaction rate of chemical processes. He studied the biochemistry of oxyhemoglobin providing insight into the disease methemoglobinemia, helped to explain the structure of chlorophyll, and contributed important insights that underlie modern theories of acid-base chemistry.
In 1933, Conant became the President of Harvard University with a reformist agenda that involved dispensing with a number of customs, including class rankings and the requirement for Latin classes. He abolished athletic scholarships, and instituted an "up or out" policy, under which scholars who were not promoted were terminated. His egalitarian vision of education required a diversified student body, and he promoted the adoption of the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) and co-educational classes. During his presidency, women were admitted to Harvard Medical School and Harvard Law School for the first time.
Conant was appointed to the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) in 1940, becoming its chairman in 1941. In this capacity, he oversaw vital wartime research projects, including the development of synthetic rubber, and the Manhattan Project, which developed the first atomic bombs. On July 16, 1945, he was among the dignitaries present at the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range for the Trinity nuclear test, the first detonation of an atomic bomb, and was part of the Interim Committee that advised President Harry S. Truman to use atomic bombs on Japan. After the war, he served on the Joint Research and Development Board (JRDC) that was established to coordinate burgeoning defense research, and on the influential General Advisory Committee (GAC) of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). While in this position, he would advise the president against starting a development program for the "hydrogen bomb".’
‘In his later years at Harvard, Conant taught undergraduate courses on the history and philosophy of science, and wrote books explaining the scientific method to laymen. In 1953 he retired as President of Harvard and became the United States High Commissioner for Germany, overseeing the restoration of German sovereignty after World War II, and then was Ambassador to West Germany until 1957. On returning to the United States, he criticized the education system in works such as The American High School Today (1959), Slums and Suburbs (1961) and The Education of American Teachers (1963). Between 1965 and 1969, Conant, suffering from a heart condition, worked on his autobiography, My Several Lives (1970). He became increasingly infirm, suffered a series of strokes in 1977, and died in a nursing home the following year.” (Wikipedia, accessed August 30th, 2018).
Although perhaps not intended by the author, this is a profoundly depressing book. The following extended quote from the book (pp. 493-495) shows why.
‘In a radio interview, Conant admitted that as an old man his thoughts often strayed back to the early days, but not the Manhattan Project. “I do not look back on that with any pleasure,” he said. “It was a tough job. What I look back on with pleasure is when I was a young carefree professor of chemistry doing my own research.” When asked about the difficult decisions he was forced to make on the wartime committees, the seventy-seven-year old scientist became querulous, almost but not quite acknowledging there were some that still gnawed at his soul.’
‘Well, the whole fact that the atomic bomb turned out to be what it was, and all the arguments about whether it should have been dropped,” he said wearily, his voice trailing off. “I’m never free from that,” The power and influence thrust on him by the government he had tried to use as a force for good by becoming an apostle for education….’
‘Conant was philosophical about all the criticism, writing to George Kistiakowsky in the spring of 1972 that he was not discouraged by the “negative voices about science.” Progress could not be stopped, and most nostalgia for a less complicated time was, in his view, misplaced. “A lot of people think they would rather live in the 18th century then today,” he mused, using the slightly mocking tone he always employed when pointing out the hypocrisy of the establishment. What they usually had in mind “without admitting it” was being one of the privileged few with their own farm and a retinue of servants. “But if one lists all the technological changes since 1800,” he added, “I think not one of us would be willing to go without.”
‘The letter echoed what he wrote in his book On Understanding Science: An Historical Approach shortly after the war:
The natural tendency of people to recoil with horror from all thought of further scientific advance because of the implications of the atomic bomb is to my mind based on a misapprehension of the nature of the universe. As I watched the secret development of the atomic bomb through four years of the war, I often thought of the work being done at the same time… of the then-secret research on penicillin, on DDT, on antimalarial drugs, on the use of blood plasma, and realized how much these scientific advances meant for the future of mankind. I often thought of Emerson’s famous essay on the Laws of Compensation:
“With every influx of light comes new danger…. There is a crack in everything God has made. It would seem there is always the vindictive stroke, this kick of the gun, certifying that the law is fatal, that in nature nothing can be given, all things are sold.”
Conant used science to safeguard American democratic freedoms, first by developing poison gas in WWI to protect against German imperial ambitions, then developing nuclear weapons in WWII to counteract the fascist threat and later the communist threat. His dream of halting work on the hydrogen bomb and instituting an international system for controlling and then eliminating nuclear weapon quickly fell victim to American and Soviet intransigence, paranoia, and incompetence. In 2018, nuclear weapons continue to spread and, ironically, American nuclear weapons are now controlled by a fascist government, exactly the prospect they were originally designed to prevent. The prospect of inadvertent nuclear war continues to grow.
It is also ironic that Conant pointed to the development of DDT and penicillin as a sure sign of progress. DDT was later misused, with the result that it was ineffective against malaria and poisoned people and wildlife world-wide. Similarly, penicillin’s effectiveness has steadily declined through overuse among people and livestock.
The tragedy of Conant’s life and 20th century science is that discovery rapidly led to technological development that ad to be implemented and controlled by a rat’s nest of governments, bureaucracies, and individuals who vary in competence, stability, and motive. Like a bunch of toddlers protecting their daycares with AK-47s.
Coen, E. (1999). The art of genes: How organisms make themselves. Oxford University Press.
Absolutely brilliant. The best science book I’ve read in a long time. Coen starts with a kind of far-fetched metaphor of organismic “hidden colours” that is a little off-putting at first but it soon becomes apparent that the metaphor greatly facilitates an intuitive understanding of the process of development. Coen does indeed explain how organisms make themselves while avoiding the problems of infinite regress that are fatal to many explanations of development, such as those postulating that genes create the organism from a DNA blueprint-- recent work reviewed in this book shows that it’s much more complicated and interesting than that.
Coen is a snapdragon runner and one of the highlights of the book is a description of how two groups of investigators (one of them Coen’s) independently developed a theory of floral differentiation from studying mutants; the theory predicted in detail the function of specific organ identity genes that were later identified.
By the time readers have mastered the meaning of Coen’s metaphors, they are ready to understand the deep parallels between the development of snapdragon flowers and fruit flies.
Very highly recommended.
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Coren, S. (1993). The left-hander syndrome: The causes and consequences of left-handedness. NY: Vintage.
Coren writes page turners. Always lots of interesting facts. So, where have all the left handers gone, long time passing, where have all the left handers gone, long long ago? Well, it turns out they’re dead. Why do left-handers die (relatively) young? Because they are sinister? Gauche? I won’t tell you. Good book up until the last chapter. Interesting theory of left handedness that could also apply to homosexuality. An important theoretical update on the genetics of left-handedness has appeared in Psychological Review (2000) Charles Crawford and Dennis L Krebs. (Eds.). (1998). Handbook of evolutionary psychology: Ideas, issues, and applications. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Eribaum (appeared in The Quarterly Review of Biology, 1994, 74, 113).
The editors, professors of psychology at Simon Fraser University in British Columbia, have produced an edited volume that is suitable for senior undergraduate or beginning graduate courses in evolutionary psychology and psychobiology. The handbook consists of 21 chapters divided into three parts: ideas, issues and applications. Each chapter is written by a noted specialist and, together, the chapters cover most of the domains interest in evolutionary psychology. An attractive feature of the book is that the chapters are quite even in quality and level of difficulty, with the exception of an interesting chapter by Hudson Kern Reeve on kinship and reciprocity that is a little more difficult than the others. Not surprisingly in a handbook of evolutionary psychology, the authors are like-minded in their commitment to a Darwinist approach to behavior. Nevertheless, there are three areas of continuing debate that are well explicated in this volume. The first is the tension between evolutionary psychologists who are primarily interested in a species-typical design of the mind and a growing number of behavior geneticists who seek to understand heritable behavioral differences among individuals from an evolutionary perspective. This issue is beautifully captured by Michael Bailey's evenhanded chapter, Can Behavior Genetics Contribute to Evolutionary Behavioral Science? The second debate is between those theorists who conceive of people as "adaptation executors" and those who conceptualize people as "fitness maximizers." The former argue that, because current psychological mechanisms were designed to maximize reproductive success in ancestral environments, current reproductive success is not theoretically informative. The latter argue that relative reproductive success in current environments provide useful information concerning species-typical reproductive strategies. In her concise chapter, Not Whether to Count Babies, but Which, Laura Betzig argues strongly that contemporary relative reproductive success is more lawful from an evolutionary perspective than popularly believed, a conclusion that is buttressed by Bobbi S Low's chapter on the evolution of human life histories. The debate over the theoretical merits of examining contemporary reproductive success is closely related to the broader issue of the nature of the environment of evolutionary adaptation and its relation to contemporary environments. Charles Crawford, in his chapter, Environments and Adaptations: Then and Now, argues that no general answer is possible because different adaptations were created at different times, and because people tend to re-create features of the ancestral environment in contemporary societies. A possible example of this tendency is the limited (constant?) number of close friends and collaborators with whom people interact, regardless of the complexity and size of larger social systems. Crawford advises a piecemeal approach to the important question of the nature of the environment(s) of evolutionary adaptation. A fourth issue, although not one that divides evolutionary psychologists, deserves comment. The most frequent criticism of a Darwinist approach to behavior is that evolutionary hypotheses cannot be rigorously tested. In his chaptmon R Hoer, Testing Evolutionary Hypotheses, Harlcomb III provides a thoughtful discussion of the progress that has been made and the most promising strategies for improving Ernst Mayr's "one long argument." In conclusion, Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology is a very worthwhile book. Apart from its great expense, it would make an excellent textbook for an upper-level undergraduate course in evolutionary psychology. My solution to the pricing issue for my course is to put a copy of the book on reserve in the library and to assign chapters from it to accompany Robert Wright's easy-reading but persuasive The Moral Animal: Evolutionary Psychology in Everyday Life (1994. New York: Pantheon Books). Crosby, A.W. (2004). Ecological imperialism: The biological expansion of Europe, 900-1900. Second edition. Cambridge University Press.
This book charts European expansion “across the seams of Pangaea”. It covers much the same ground as “Guns, Germs, and Steel” but not quite as entertainingly. The account of the predictably sad results of European colonization of the Azores, St. Helena, and the Canary Islands is very interesting because these events are not widely known. This initial colonization foretold what would shortly happen much more widely. Crump, T. (2001). A brief history of science as seen through the development of scientific instruments. London: Constable & Robinson.
Crump is an excellent guide who provides exactly what the title promises. The book is well organized, has good pictures, and the scientific concepts are clearly explained. The book mostly concerns physics and chemistry together with little biographies of the principal protagonists. Highly recommended—even if you know most of this stuff, it’s a good review. Damasio, A. (2003). Looking for Spinoza: Joy, sorrow, and the feeling brain. Toronto: Harcourt.
Not much new in this book. This is of course the case for most science books written for laypeople. However, the philosophy of perception Damasio describes was worked out by Berkeley, Hume, Kant, and, of course, Spinoza one very long time ago. This book has the feel of a sequel in search of a rationale-- the Spinoza hook, while moderately interesting in itself, doesn’t work to motivate the book. Dawkins, R. (1995). River out of Eden. N.Y.: Basic.
The Selfish Gene this is not. A well-written book and an easy short read but not anything new. The central metaphor (that of a river of information separating into streams which intertwine for awhile, and then flow separately forever) is fatally flawed by the wholesale exchange of genetic material between species that has been documented in recent years. Dawkins, R. (1996). Climbing mount improbable. N.Y.: Norton.
I liked this book better than River out of Eden but it’s not as good as The Selfish Gene or even the Blind Watchmaker or the Extended Phenotype. Essentially, I think, every good story or analogy has already been used by Dawkins or Dennett or Wright or some other member of the "Darwin Industry” to explain selectionist theory to the masses. As fundamental and important as it is, there ain’t nothing left to say. The most interesting part of the book is the last bit on figs and fig-wasps. They seem damned improbable, if you don’t know better. Dawkins, R. (2004). The ancestor’s tale: A pilgrimage to the dawn of life. London: Weidenfield & Nicolson. A very large coffee table-type book in which the story is very loosely modeled on Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales. Well and clearly written, although Dawkins can’t help giving his opinions on various matters every so often. The idea is that we go backwards in time meeting ever more remote ancestors. At times this involves a bit of conjecture because our precise lineage has not been worked out. Despite our knowing an enormous amount more than we did when I took a course in invertebrate zoology in the sixties, some of the uncertainty about phylogenetic relationships persists. There’s a very nice and interesting little summary of recent empirical work on the origin of life. In all, this is a worthwhile book. I’m not clear, however, who the audience is. It’s not written for professional biologists but I don’t think people without considerable prior knowledge of biology could follow it. Debré, D. (1998). Louis Pasteur. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. (translated by E. Forster).
Written by an admiring but not sycophantic insider. Pasteur, a tanner's son, became a chemist who turned to biological matters and then medical topics later in his career. Despite saving the wine industry and the sheep of Europe, he got less than respect from some quarters. There were those who based their careers on opposition to his ideas on microbes, some who were opposed on philosophical grounds (primarily believers in spontaneous generation), some foreigners who were nationalist chauvinists, surgeons who resented an outsider telling them that they were killing their patients by infecting them, those who had financial interests in current practices, and then there were the simple nuts. Some surgeons ostentatiously kept their persons and instruments dirty to show their contempt for Pasteur and his microbes. Pasteur personally wrote rebuttals to these many attacks in scientific journals and the popular media. He was also regularly attacked in the Academy of Sciences. He took big worrisome risks in conquering rabies. Little wonder he had a stroke. Pasteur worked incredibly hard and ran a strictly hierarchical lab. Unfortunately, sometimes this meant he missed valuable advice and information that his subordinates could have offered him. But in the end, as we all know, complete triumph was his. Dennett, D.C. (1995). Darwin’s dangerous idea: Evolution and the meanings of life. NY: Touchstone. You have to love a guy who doesn’t like the people you don’t like and likes the people you like. Darwinism for the philosophically inclined. Dennett is one smart cookie. Dennett is at his best when critically evaluating other people’s arguments. He does a very nice job of debunking Gould (not nearly so savage and amusing as Wright’s reply to Gould that appeared in Slate). So, a sprightly defense of Darwinism, full of interesting and often illuminating thought experiments, and a few interesting facts, such as a nice description of Haig’s work on maternal-fetal competition. Highly recommended. Derr, M. (2011). How the dog became the dog: From wolves to our best friends. NY: Overlook Duckworth.
I’m not entirely sure how the dog became the dog after reading this book. The author has lots of strong opinions about how it didn’t happen though. My conclusion by the time I was through was that we don’t yet have the evolution of dogs quite nailed down scientifically. Desowitz, R.S. (1991). The malaria capers: More tales of parasites and people, research and reality. N.Y.: Norton.
This is indeed about reality--it’s as real as plastic hip joints. All of the waste, fraud, and stupidity that we are aware of in safe little Canada is exaggerated on the international stage in the failed control of diseases like malaria and kala azar with results so cruel that the mind boggles. If there is a history of depression in your family, do not read this book. Desowitz is pissed off and pulls no punches. A real interesting book but it sure paints a bleak picture. In addition to all of the incompetence, there are the inadvertent effects of almost any intervention imaginable. On the other hand, a book like this makes one appreciate what great luck we and our friends have had to date (this and the Margulis book below show quite clearly that a plague of some sort is going to be the Malthusian agent that deals with the ridiculously large human population). Child molestation and homicide are not really big deals in the grand scheme of things. Desowitz, R.S. (2002). Federal bodysnatchers and the New Guinea Virus: Tales of parasites, people, and politics. N.Y.: Norton.
Not nearly as good as his previous book, Malaria Capers. Desowitz retains his eye for the ridiculous and his fine sense of outrage but there is not as much content in this book. There are, however, some interesting comments on the use of patents of biological material in tropical disease research. Devine, R.S. (1998). Alien invasion: America’s battle with non-native animals and plants. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society.
I had planned to write a book on exotic species, entitled "Alien Invasions of North America." I am now making other plans.... A thoroughly depressing book on alien invasions. There are a lot more foreign species introduced into habitats everywhere than I was aware of. Once the toothpaste is out of the tube, it can’t be gotten back in. It’s like taking a bunch of species, putting them in a bottle, and shaking vigorously. This phenomenon appears to be much more important in causing extinctions than I had thought. Diamond, J. (1997). Guns, germs, and steel: The fates of human societies. New York: Norton.
This is a wide ranging and cogently argued book. Diamond’s thesis is that differences in intellectual abilities of the peoples of the earth are irrelevant to the historical ascendancy of particular societies. The book takes an evolutionary selectionist perspective that accounts for the success of particular societies on the basis of geography. Some of the ideas are similar to those proposed by Wilson to explain the success of animals and plants derived from large continents when in competition with those evolved on islands. One of the most interesting parts of the book is Diamond’s description of how we have been domesticated by plants. We have been enslaved by such plants as wheat and rice to serve their reproductive purposes. Aspects of Diamond’s discussion are reminiscent of Morley’s (1984) article on the domestication of the dog that I highly recommend. Diamond’s assertion that it is guns, germs, and steel that have determined the fate of societies is compelling in explaining phenomena such as why Spain invaded Peru rather than vice versa. The historical vignettes he presents are gripping, some, such as the complete massacre of hunter gatherer island Maori by the New Zealand Maori ("because it is our custom”), confirming the wisdom of Bertrand Russell who commented on the old mistake of believing that the oppressed are morally superior to their oppressors. The final third of the book is a little repetitious and a bit preachy, nevertheless an excellent read. Of course, Diamond does not demonstrate that there are no important intellectual differences among the varieties of humankind but does show, I think, that the differential success of societies can be explained on historical, ultimately, geographical grounds. Reference: Morey, D.F. (1984). The early evolution of the domestic dog. American Scientist, 82, 336-347. Diamond, J. (2005). Collapse: How societies choose to fail or succeed. Toronto: Penguin.
Diamond has done it again. This is a worthy successor to Guns, Germs, and Steel. Not much of the material is new but I have not seen it put together before and the effect of the whole is much greater than that of its components. The style and organization of the book make it engaging reading. Much of the book is about the Malthusian dilemma and the determinants of soil depletion and renewal. Diamond reviews instructive cases of dismal failure and others of sustained success. The potential for disaster on a world-wide scale is greater with globalization because nobody has anyplace to move to if things go badly in a global sense, although in the shorter term local disasters can be dealt with more easily because resources can be taken from elsewhere. Diamond manages to maintain a sense of optimism but I’m not sure how many careful readers of this book will share this view. Dodwell, P. (2000). Brave new mind: A thoughtful inquiry into the nature and meaning of mental life. NY: Oxford University Press.
Dodwell, formerly a colleague of mine at Queen’s, has long retired but, as evidenced by this book, still very active and sharp. His central thesis is that the implicit reductionist philosophical project of neuroscience is doomed to failure because of its logical incoherence. Dodwell makes a good case using visual perception, the most advanced area of the neurosciences, as his principal example. He is most convincing when discussing how the predictions of a successful mathematical theory are its necessary (deductive) consequences. This work is not aimed at a lay readership. It is quite a bit more sophisticated than most of what is written on consciousness and the reductionist enterprise, although I don’t mean this statement to damn the book with faint praise. |
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Draaisma, D. (2004). Why life speeds up as you get older: How memory shapes our past. NY: Cambridge University Press.
A charming set of informal historically oriented essays about memory. The book is translated from the Dutch and has a European feel to it. The author contrasts Ebbinghaus’s memory experiments with Galton’s research on autobiographical memory. This book is concerned with the latter, in particular in explaining the reminiscence effect, first documented by Galton. The reminiscence effect is seen among people in their mid- to late fifties or older and consists of a bump in the quantity and quality of the memories they laid down in their late teens and early adulthood. In an engrossing chapter, Draaisma uses the autobiography of an eighty-year old Dutch schoolmaster, Willem van den Hull (b. 1778), to describe the effect and to explore some of its possible causes. This chapter is also a deeply touching essay on the human condition—you should read it.
A charming set of informal historically oriented essays about memory. The book is translated from the Dutch and has a European feel to it. The author contrasts Ebbinghaus’s memory experiments with Galton’s research on autobiographical memory. This book is concerned with the latter, in particular in explaining the reminiscence effect, first documented by Galton. The reminiscence effect is seen among people in their mid- to late fifties or older and consists of a bump in the quantity and quality of the memories they laid down in their late teens and early adulthood. In an engrossing chapter, Draaisma uses the autobiography of an eighty-year old Dutch schoolmaster, Willem van den Hull (b. 1778), to describe the effect and to explore some of its possible causes. This chapter is also a deeply touching essay on the human condition—you should read it.
Duncan, D.E. (1998). Calendar: Humanity’s epic struggle to determine a true and accurate year. N.Y.: Avon.
As the cover blurb asserts, this is an engaging little book. It turns out that it is harder to determine an accurate year than one would think. The book presents an interesting history of attempts to improve the accuracy of the year’s measurement and follows how these become entangled with politics and theology. Ironically, we can measure too accurately now; because the earth’s movement is less accurate than our clocks, these have to be periodically adjusted. It seems like you just can’t win sometimes.
As the cover blurb asserts, this is an engaging little book. It turns out that it is harder to determine an accurate year than one would think. The book presents an interesting history of attempts to improve the accuracy of the year’s measurement and follows how these become entangled with politics and theology. Ironically, we can measure too accurately now; because the earth’s movement is less accurate than our clocks, these have to be periodically adjusted. It seems like you just can’t win sometimes.
Dufresne, T. (Ed.). (2007). Against Freud: Critics talk back. Stanford University Press.
Dufresne is a philosopher based at, of all places, Lakehead University in Thunder Bay. This little book is a series of interviews with the most prominent modern critics of Freudian theory, including Frank Sulloway (who is now even more critical than he was when he wrote his book on Freud, Biologist of the mind) and that ever most delightful professor of English, Frederick Crews (read his Postmodern Pooh). Only MacMillan, of the totally devastating Freud evaluated: The completed arc critique appears to be missing. This is a fun read, partly because there are some insiders included from the early days of psychoanalysis and partly because of the spontaneity engendered by the interview technique. It continues to amaze me that so many people bought into psychoanalysis.
Dufresne is a philosopher based at, of all places, Lakehead University in Thunder Bay. This little book is a series of interviews with the most prominent modern critics of Freudian theory, including Frank Sulloway (who is now even more critical than he was when he wrote his book on Freud, Biologist of the mind) and that ever most delightful professor of English, Frederick Crews (read his Postmodern Pooh). Only MacMillan, of the totally devastating Freud evaluated: The completed arc critique appears to be missing. This is a fun read, partly because there are some insiders included from the early days of psychoanalysis and partly because of the spontaneity engendered by the interview technique. It continues to amaze me that so many people bought into psychoanalysis.
Editors of Linqua Franca. (2000). The Sokal Hoax: The sham that shook the academy. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
The book begins with physicist Alan Sokal’s delightful article “Transgressing the boundaries: Toward a transformative hermeneutics of quantum gravity” reprinted from the 1996 special “science wars “issue of Social Text. Sokal subsequently revealed that he had duped the editors of Social Text with his article that comprised scientific nonsense, assertions supported only by appeals to modernist authority, unreadably dense prose, and so forth. There has been a great deal of controversy about this event and the remainder of the book captures this controversy by reprinting a variety of responses to the hoax. Some of these are interesting but in all, they become a bit repetitive by the end of the book. Two things are clear: Sokal’s hoax succeeded because of a lack of intellectual rigour in the review process and the editors of the journal are not only fools but dishonest fools.
The book begins with physicist Alan Sokal’s delightful article “Transgressing the boundaries: Toward a transformative hermeneutics of quantum gravity” reprinted from the 1996 special “science wars “issue of Social Text. Sokal subsequently revealed that he had duped the editors of Social Text with his article that comprised scientific nonsense, assertions supported only by appeals to modernist authority, unreadably dense prose, and so forth. There has been a great deal of controversy about this event and the remainder of the book captures this controversy by reprinting a variety of responses to the hoax. Some of these are interesting but in all, they become a bit repetitive by the end of the book. Two things are clear: Sokal’s hoax succeeded because of a lack of intellectual rigour in the review process and the editors of the journal are not only fools but dishonest fools.
Ellis, L. & Ebertz, L. (Eds.). (1997). Sexual orientation: Toward biological understanding. Westport, CT: Praeger.
This book is the product of an interdisciplinary meeting held in Minot, North Dakota in 1995. The chapters are written for scientists and most present original research data in addition to reviews of the literature. To my mind, the first chapter, Neuroendocrine foundations of diverse sexual phenotypes in fish by Matthew Grober, is the most interesting. Interesting because it documents the conservation of the mechanisms of neural sex differentiation over species from fish to primates and because it describes our understanding of the fascinating phenomenon of ontogenetic sex switching in certain species of fish. Very cool stuff.
There is more disagreement about models of sexual differentiation in rat brain than I had thought. Unfortunately, I don’t know enough to critically examine these disagreements and will have to wait for the dust to settle.
Halpern & Crothers present a nice summary of the effects of biological sex and sexual orientation on cognition. They have some challenging data on homosexual men that indicate they are more masculinized on cognitive variables than heterosexual men.
Worth looking at.
This book is the product of an interdisciplinary meeting held in Minot, North Dakota in 1995. The chapters are written for scientists and most present original research data in addition to reviews of the literature. To my mind, the first chapter, Neuroendocrine foundations of diverse sexual phenotypes in fish by Matthew Grober, is the most interesting. Interesting because it documents the conservation of the mechanisms of neural sex differentiation over species from fish to primates and because it describes our understanding of the fascinating phenomenon of ontogenetic sex switching in certain species of fish. Very cool stuff.
There is more disagreement about models of sexual differentiation in rat brain than I had thought. Unfortunately, I don’t know enough to critically examine these disagreements and will have to wait for the dust to settle.
Halpern & Crothers present a nice summary of the effects of biological sex and sexual orientation on cognition. They have some challenging data on homosexual men that indicate they are more masculinized on cognitive variables than heterosexual men.
Worth looking at.
Ewald, P.W. (2000). Plague time: How stealth infections cause cancers, heart disease, and other deadly ailments. Toronto: The Free Press.
Ewald presents a selectionist account of how a number of serious diseases could be produced by infections working slowly--as has been shown in the case of stomach ulcers. In Ewald’s view, the endless studies of risk factors for these diseases only serve to obscure the microbial culprits. Being no expert, I can’t judge the validity of his thesis, although it is plausible and likely correct for at least some of the diseases covered.
The book is well written and pitched at a lay audience. Ewald’s views on the evolution of virulence are of great interest and importance. The description of the application of these views to malaria makes this book well worth reading in itself.
Ewald presents a selectionist account of how a number of serious diseases could be produced by infections working slowly--as has been shown in the case of stomach ulcers. In Ewald’s view, the endless studies of risk factors for these diseases only serve to obscure the microbial culprits. Being no expert, I can’t judge the validity of his thesis, although it is plausible and likely correct for at least some of the diseases covered.
The book is well written and pitched at a lay audience. Ewald’s views on the evolution of virulence are of great interest and importance. The description of the application of these views to malaria makes this book well worth reading in itself.
Fairless, D. (2018). Mad blood stirring: The inner lives of violent men. Toronto: Random House.
This is a disturbingly personal book. Fairless has a temper control problem and a lot of martial arts training. He goes looking for trouble and inevitably finds obnoxious guys that he can then deal with. Because Fairless is a thoughtful and scientifically educated person, this disturbing pattern of behaviour leads him into investigating aggression and to interview people who also have problems with aggression, including a serial killer that I know well from my time at a maximum security psychiatric hospital. Interestingly, the killer describes his crimes exactly as he did forty years ago—he’s had a lot of practice telling his tale.
The classic book on aggressive men is Hans Toch’s Violent men: An inquiry into the psychology of violence (1969). Based on extensive interviews of police officers, Toch identified differences between men frequently involved in violent encounters and others. He concluded that “…persons who tend to interpret situations as threatening, or goading, or challenging, or overpowering can turn harmless encounters into duels, purges, struggles for survival, or violent escapes.” (p. 189). Fairless, based on a much more limited sample of violent men, reaches a similar conclusion.
This is a disturbingly personal book. Fairless has a temper control problem and a lot of martial arts training. He goes looking for trouble and inevitably finds obnoxious guys that he can then deal with. Because Fairless is a thoughtful and scientifically educated person, this disturbing pattern of behaviour leads him into investigating aggression and to interview people who also have problems with aggression, including a serial killer that I know well from my time at a maximum security psychiatric hospital. Interestingly, the killer describes his crimes exactly as he did forty years ago—he’s had a lot of practice telling his tale.
The classic book on aggressive men is Hans Toch’s Violent men: An inquiry into the psychology of violence (1969). Based on extensive interviews of police officers, Toch identified differences between men frequently involved in violent encounters and others. He concluded that “…persons who tend to interpret situations as threatening, or goading, or challenging, or overpowering can turn harmless encounters into duels, purges, struggles for survival, or violent escapes.” (p. 189). Fairless, based on a much more limited sample of violent men, reaches a similar conclusion.
Falk, D. (1992). Braindance. NY: Holt.
The thesis of this book is an interesting one. We evolved in a very hot climate, hence standing erect, a first class sweating system, hairless body, but lots of hair on the head (to insulate the brain). In addition, our ancestors developed a more efficient manner of cooling the brain (involving a very large occipital venous sinus visible in cranial endocasts) that allowed the brain to grow larger. We now have a somewhat more complicated cooling system.
The author seems to thrive on controversy and often seems like she has a bit of a chip on her shoulder.
The thesis of this book is an interesting one. We evolved in a very hot climate, hence standing erect, a first class sweating system, hairless body, but lots of hair on the head (to insulate the brain). In addition, our ancestors developed a more efficient manner of cooling the brain (involving a very large occipital venous sinus visible in cranial endocasts) that allowed the brain to grow larger. We now have a somewhat more complicated cooling system.
The author seems to thrive on controversy and often seems like she has a bit of a chip on her shoulder.
Feduccia, A. (1996). The origin and evolution of birds. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Believe that birds evolved from dinosaurs? That animals evolved wings to help them run (the cursorial theory)? Forget it (even though the recent Chinese finds muddy the waters).
Feduccia is a no nonsense, give me the facts kind of guy. I don’t believe he has a romantic bone in his body. This book is a portrayal of the broad sweep of vertebrate evolution through a detailed interpretation of both old fossil discoveries and the very many new finds. The fossil record is, of course, incomplete but it is truly remarkable how much is known and how much can be inferred.
Perhaps the most interesting part of the book is the discussion of the evolution of flightlessness and gigantism among island birds. Flightlessness involves a neotenous process and certain families of birds are more likely to become flightless because of the order in which structures develop in embryos (if flight muscles and associated structures appear after structures vital for survival, the flight apparatus can easily be jettisoned by small changes in ontogenesis). Emus and ostriches are, in a sense then, just "big chicks.”
There are some very strange facts. Among these, the eerie resemblance of the feeding filter apparatus of flamingoes and right whales produced by convergent evolution.
This book, although fascinating, may be a little too detailed for some: "Right tarsus of the late Triassic Coelophysis with distal ends of tiba-fibula, fused astragalocalcaneum, and proximal ends of metatarsals....Even if the ascending process of the astragalus was homologous with the ratites, it also matches with late theropods and the ornithischian Hypsilophodon.” Of course.
Believe that birds evolved from dinosaurs? That animals evolved wings to help them run (the cursorial theory)? Forget it (even though the recent Chinese finds muddy the waters).
Feduccia is a no nonsense, give me the facts kind of guy. I don’t believe he has a romantic bone in his body. This book is a portrayal of the broad sweep of vertebrate evolution through a detailed interpretation of both old fossil discoveries and the very many new finds. The fossil record is, of course, incomplete but it is truly remarkable how much is known and how much can be inferred.
Perhaps the most interesting part of the book is the discussion of the evolution of flightlessness and gigantism among island birds. Flightlessness involves a neotenous process and certain families of birds are more likely to become flightless because of the order in which structures develop in embryos (if flight muscles and associated structures appear after structures vital for survival, the flight apparatus can easily be jettisoned by small changes in ontogenesis). Emus and ostriches are, in a sense then, just "big chicks.”
There are some very strange facts. Among these, the eerie resemblance of the feeding filter apparatus of flamingoes and right whales produced by convergent evolution.
This book, although fascinating, may be a little too detailed for some: "Right tarsus of the late Triassic Coelophysis with distal ends of tiba-fibula, fused astragalocalcaneum, and proximal ends of metatarsals....Even if the ascending process of the astragalus was homologous with the ratites, it also matches with late theropods and the ornithischian Hypsilophodon.” Of course.
Forsyth, A. (1993). A natural history of sex: The ecology and evolution of mating behavior. Vermont: Chapters.
Very nicely written introduction for layfolk. Not anything new, but interesting examples of odd reproductive behaviors. Theoretically sound. He doesn’t like Gould, always a plus in my view.
Very nicely written introduction for layfolk. Not anything new, but interesting examples of odd reproductive behaviors. Theoretically sound. He doesn’t like Gould, always a plus in my view.
Francis, R.C. (2015). Domesticated: Evolution in a man-made world. NY: Norton.
Francis reviews genetic and historical material on the domestication of dogs, cats, cattle, ferrets, pigs, sheep, goats, camels, rodents, horses, and reindeer. He starts with Belyaev’s demonstration that selecting for tameness in foxes produced a variety of other traits, such as floppy ears and variable coat colour. There’s a lot of interesting material in this book and it is well presented.
It would have been instructive to include a survey of domestication in waterfowl.
Francis reviews genetic and historical material on the domestication of dogs, cats, cattle, ferrets, pigs, sheep, goats, camels, rodents, horses, and reindeer. He starts with Belyaev’s demonstration that selecting for tameness in foxes produced a variety of other traits, such as floppy ears and variable coat colour. There’s a lot of interesting material in this book and it is well presented.
It would have been instructive to include a survey of domestication in waterfowl.
Fukuyama, F. (2011). The origins of political order: From prehuman times to the French Revolution. NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Fukuyama takes a large, well-known, but quite heterogeneous literature together to develop a readable and fairly convincing argument about how states develop and how they decay. The default societal condition is “patrimonial”. A patrimonial society is organized into kinship groups. Ascendant lineages govern the country for their own benefit—of course ending up with most of the money.
Political development involves the creation of viable economic and social institutions out of the default conditions. When these institutions lose their perceived legitimacy or become dysfunctional because of changed conditions, societies decay toward patrimonial conditions. The author’s prime example is the development of the ancient Chinese state.
In essence, this book is a modern response to Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau. It is well written in a text-bookish sort of way but a bit long-winded for my taste.
Fukuyama takes a large, well-known, but quite heterogeneous literature together to develop a readable and fairly convincing argument about how states develop and how they decay. The default societal condition is “patrimonial”. A patrimonial society is organized into kinship groups. Ascendant lineages govern the country for their own benefit—of course ending up with most of the money.
Political development involves the creation of viable economic and social institutions out of the default conditions. When these institutions lose their perceived legitimacy or become dysfunctional because of changed conditions, societies decay toward patrimonial conditions. The author’s prime example is the development of the ancient Chinese state.
In essence, this book is a modern response to Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau. It is well written in a text-bookish sort of way but a bit long-winded for my taste.
Gawande, A. (2014). Being mortal: Medicine and what matters in the end. NY: Holt.
Beautifully written and often moving, this is an extended essay on managing the end of life--in particular, how best to preserve autonomy despite relentless cognitive and physical decline and how to avoid needless suffering caused by mindless medical efforts to prolong life.
Beautifully written and often moving, this is an extended essay on managing the end of life--in particular, how best to preserve autonomy despite relentless cognitive and physical decline and how to avoid needless suffering caused by mindless medical efforts to prolong life.
Gibson, G. (2006). The bedside book of birds: An avian miscellany. Toronto: Random House.
This is an attractively produced book, meant to be kept at hand and perused from time to time. I am incapable of such activity and read it in a couple of sittings—a mistake I think because there isn’t much of a theme here, unless it be that birds are neat and often mistreated. The book is comprised of short sections written in very different styles from different periods and the authors aren’t identified until the end of each—I found this disorienting. I also found the stories concerning extinctions and slaughters depressing, although that was not the author’s intent.
This is an attractively produced book, meant to be kept at hand and perused from time to time. I am incapable of such activity and read it in a couple of sittings—a mistake I think because there isn’t much of a theme here, unless it be that birds are neat and often mistreated. The book is comprised of short sections written in very different styles from different periods and the authors aren’t identified until the end of each—I found this disorienting. I also found the stories concerning extinctions and slaughters depressing, although that was not the author’s intent.
Gilbert, D. (2006). Stumbling on happiness. New York: Knopf.
This is a breezy account of what academic psychology has to say about happiness. I imagine Gilbert is a fabulous teacher, given the humour and clarity of this book. Although most of what is presented about how the brain works will be no surprise to cognitive psychologists, this body of work is put to very good use in showing how and why we are poor at anticipating correctly what will make our future selves happy. Imagining the future is even more problematic than accurately reconstructing the past and for some of the same reasons, for example, the difficulty in escaping the influence of the present.
After reading this book, I was struck once again by just how different the world is from what it appears to be—weird in a different sense than quantum mechanics but certainly not what I signed up for.
This is a breezy account of what academic psychology has to say about happiness. I imagine Gilbert is a fabulous teacher, given the humour and clarity of this book. Although most of what is presented about how the brain works will be no surprise to cognitive psychologists, this body of work is put to very good use in showing how and why we are poor at anticipating correctly what will make our future selves happy. Imagining the future is even more problematic than accurately reconstructing the past and for some of the same reasons, for example, the difficulty in escaping the influence of the present.
After reading this book, I was struck once again by just how different the world is from what it appears to be—weird in a different sense than quantum mechanics but certainly not what I signed up for.
Gilmore, J.B. (1998). In cold pursuit. Toronto: Stoddart.
Gilmore used to teach introductory psychology to enormous classes at the University of Toronto. He became interested in the transmission of the cold virus toward the end of his career and wrote this book during his retirement.
He presents some very interesting accounts of studies conducted at remote islands in various God-forsaken parts of the world and somewhat less interesting descriptions of natural and contrived experiments in England and North America. I’m sure that Gilmore used the cold experiments to teach elements of experimental design to undergraduates, he can’t help being an academic psychologist.
The book would be great if it ended with a definitive set of studies. Alas, the transmission mechanism has not been conclusively demonstrated, giving the book an unsatisfying conclusion. Gilmore also ends with a bit of whining about the research priorities of funding agencies; going out with a whimper instead of a bang.
Gilmore used to teach introductory psychology to enormous classes at the University of Toronto. He became interested in the transmission of the cold virus toward the end of his career and wrote this book during his retirement.
He presents some very interesting accounts of studies conducted at remote islands in various God-forsaken parts of the world and somewhat less interesting descriptions of natural and contrived experiments in England and North America. I’m sure that Gilmore used the cold experiments to teach elements of experimental design to undergraduates, he can’t help being an academic psychologist.
The book would be great if it ended with a definitive set of studies. Alas, the transmission mechanism has not been conclusively demonstrated, giving the book an unsatisfying conclusion. Gilmore also ends with a bit of whining about the research priorities of funding agencies; going out with a whimper instead of a bang.
Gerhart, J. & Kirschner, M. (1997). Cells, embryos, and evolution: Toward a cellular and developmental understanding of phenotypic variation and evolutionary adaptability. Malden Mass.: Blackwell Science.
Opening up the black box. It is insufficient to know that natural selection is the engine of evolution, one must know the mechanics of how it accomplishes evolutionary change. These mechanics have to be understood at both the cellular and developmental levels.
This is a fine book. The authors summarize a phenomenal amount of recent research in a manner intelligible to those who have sufficient background. I found it in places extremely difficult reading; not so much because the ideas were hard to grasp but rather the memory load that is occasioned by so much unfamiliar detail.
This book, however, is very much worth the effort. I will definitely read it again when my brain feels less tired. Some structures are more evolvable than others for essentially chemical reasons. The conservation of principles and even structures across a wide range of organisms is truly remarkable. We’ve come a long way from the pharyngula stage, but each of us, in common with all other chordates, must pass through this stage during embryonic development. This book explains why.
One wonders what profound philosophical meaning resides in the observation that we share genes, not only with fruit flies and peas, but yeast.
Opening up the black box. It is insufficient to know that natural selection is the engine of evolution, one must know the mechanics of how it accomplishes evolutionary change. These mechanics have to be understood at both the cellular and developmental levels.
This is a fine book. The authors summarize a phenomenal amount of recent research in a manner intelligible to those who have sufficient background. I found it in places extremely difficult reading; not so much because the ideas were hard to grasp but rather the memory load that is occasioned by so much unfamiliar detail.
This book, however, is very much worth the effort. I will definitely read it again when my brain feels less tired. Some structures are more evolvable than others for essentially chemical reasons. The conservation of principles and even structures across a wide range of organisms is truly remarkable. We’ve come a long way from the pharyngula stage, but each of us, in common with all other chordates, must pass through this stage during embryonic development. This book explains why.
One wonders what profound philosophical meaning resides in the observation that we share genes, not only with fruit flies and peas, but yeast.
Greaves, M. (2000). Cancer: The evolutionary legacy. Toronto: Oxford University Press.
Once cancer is conceptualized as an evolutionary process involving mutation and selection, the facts about it obediently fall into place. Such a view accounts for the differential likelihood of different tissues to become cancerous, the cycles of remission and metastasis, the effects of age and toxins, and so forth. The occurrence of cancer is fundamentally related to the retention of primitive properties of propagation of certain cell lines inherited from single celled ancestors. The selfish success of these cells leads to the death of the commonwealth of cells.
Worth reading as an advanced primer or case study of evolutionary biology.
Once cancer is conceptualized as an evolutionary process involving mutation and selection, the facts about it obediently fall into place. Such a view accounts for the differential likelihood of different tissues to become cancerous, the cycles of remission and metastasis, the effects of age and toxins, and so forth. The occurrence of cancer is fundamentally related to the retention of primitive properties of propagation of certain cell lines inherited from single celled ancestors. The selfish success of these cells leads to the death of the commonwealth of cells.
Worth reading as an advanced primer or case study of evolutionary biology.
Greene, B. (1999/2003). The elegant universe: Superstrings, hidden dimensions, and the quest for the ultimate theory. NY: Random House.
Beautiful description of relativity—for a brief period I felt that I really understood it. Not so with string theory—I can read the words but I just don’t get it. Dimensions in Calabi-Yau shapes indeed.
The quest for a theory of everything and the glimmers of success that have been had so far raise the perplexing question of how numbers relate to fundamental reality. If our intuition can’t help us with the very small or very large, then interpretation of the mathematics is simply a psychological crutch, not part of an understanding of physical reality. In any event, there is a lot that is completely beyond our ken (multiple universes, the nature of the universe before the big bang) and so forth. Even a theory of everything isn’t really.
Beautiful description of relativity—for a brief period I felt that I really understood it. Not so with string theory—I can read the words but I just don’t get it. Dimensions in Calabi-Yau shapes indeed.
The quest for a theory of everything and the glimmers of success that have been had so far raise the perplexing question of how numbers relate to fundamental reality. If our intuition can’t help us with the very small or very large, then interpretation of the mathematics is simply a psychological crutch, not part of an understanding of physical reality. In any event, there is a lot that is completely beyond our ken (multiple universes, the nature of the universe before the big bang) and so forth. Even a theory of everything isn’t really.
Gribbin, M. & Gribbin, J. (2008). Flower hunters. Oxford University Press.
Our gardens are populated with species originally collected by intrepid 18th and 19th century explorers of exotic climes. About the only ones who are still famous are Carl Linnaeus, the great Swedish taxonomist, and Joseph Banks, who circumnavigated the world with Captain Cook. This book tells the story of 11 such explorers. Most of them did some real hard travellin’.
Eleven explorers are hard to keep straight in memory when one is done. Even so, the little biographies are good reading. I would have enjoyed the book more if I knew my plants.
Our gardens are populated with species originally collected by intrepid 18th and 19th century explorers of exotic climes. About the only ones who are still famous are Carl Linnaeus, the great Swedish taxonomist, and Joseph Banks, who circumnavigated the world with Captain Cook. This book tells the story of 11 such explorers. Most of them did some real hard travellin’.
Eleven explorers are hard to keep straight in memory when one is done. Even so, the little biographies are good reading. I would have enjoyed the book more if I knew my plants.
Grove, J.W. (1989). In defence of science: Science, technology, and politics in the modern world. University of Toronto Press.
A comforting book for beleaguered scientists. Very well written and erudite. This is the sort of book that humanities students should read. He presents a differentiation between science and technology that I have found useful in several contexts.
A comforting book for beleaguered scientists. Very well written and erudite. This is the sort of book that humanities students should read. He presents a differentiation between science and technology that I have found useful in several contexts.
Haskell, D.G. (2013). The forest unseen: A year’s watch in nature. NY: Penguin.
Haskell spent a year almost daily observing a square meter of old-growth forest in the hills of Tennessee. This meditative undertaking resulted in this slim book of reflections on his observations and on ecology more generally. It’s well worth the read.
Haskell spent a year almost daily observing a square meter of old-growth forest in the hills of Tennessee. This meditative undertaking resulted in this slim book of reflections on his observations and on ecology more generally. It’s well worth the read.
Hauser, M.D. (2000). Wild minds: What animals really think. N.Y.: Holt.
Hauser gave an excellent presentation at the Human Behavior and Evolution Society meeting in Amherst Mass. last year on the topic of this book. The book reviews some of the more recent experimental studies of animal cognition that use audio playback (a la Cheney) and formal experiments (a la Premack and Hauser himself). This is interesting work but I don’t think that there was enough new material or enough definitive work to support a book length treatment. We still don’t know what it’s like to be a bat, for example.
Hauser gave an excellent presentation at the Human Behavior and Evolution Society meeting in Amherst Mass. last year on the topic of this book. The book reviews some of the more recent experimental studies of animal cognition that use audio playback (a la Cheney) and formal experiments (a la Premack and Hauser himself). This is interesting work but I don’t think that there was enough new material or enough definitive work to support a book length treatment. We still don’t know what it’s like to be a bat, for example.
Heinrich, B. (1999). Mind of the raven: Investigations and adventures with wolf-birds. N.Y.: Harper Collins.
Heinrich doesn’t like to climb but is willing to lightly freeze his gonads by lying still in the snow for hours on end and to handle rotting carcasses. He thus has two of the three personal attributes needed by scientists who study ravens. An intense attraction to road kills also helps.
Although this book is written for non-scientists, the theory is nevertheless pitched a little too low and slow. The state of knowledge of raven behavior and cognitive abilities is somewhat frustrating; one wishes we knew more and more definitively. Nevertheless, the natural history aspects of the book make it well worth reading, particularly those involving the symbiotic relationship between wolves and ravens. Very amusing tales of people who report being “warned” by ravens about the approach of large carnivores; amusing because the ravens were signalling the carnivores about the presence of a meal!
Henry, C.J.K. & Ulijaszek, S.J. (Ed.). (1996). Long-term consequences of early environment: growth, development, and the lifespan developmental perspective. N.Y.: Cambridge University Press. (appeared in The Quarterly Review of Biology, 72, 357).
The title of this book aptly captures the theme of its 14 chapters. The editors' introduction is a very brief and accurate summary of the content of the remaining chapters. The first chapter examines human growth and development from an evolutionary perspective; a related chapter describes research on the determination of human sex ratios. Five of the chapters deal with the effects of early nutrition on later growth, examining such questions as whether children who are undernourished at various ages can "catch up" in growth if later nourished adequately. Other chapters concern the development of human taste and smell preferences, the development of sexuality, and the relationship of puberty to fertility. The book concludes with R.M. Garruto's very interesting chapter on late onset neuro-degenerative disorders that compares amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinsonism-dementia common in the Western Pacific with Alzheimer's disease.
To a reader outside the specialties represented in this book, three findings concerning the long-term consequences of early environment seemed of particular interest. The first, reported in A.H. Goodman's chapter Early life stresses and adult health: insights from dental enamel development, is that linear enamel hypoplasias can be used to study the longitudinal pattern of morbidity, mortality, and stress, not only in living populations, but also in past populations. The teeth's memory of stress can thus provide information about the living conditions of ancient groups not otherwise attainable.
Two surprising findings are described by D.J.P. Barker in The origins of coronary heart disease in early life. The first of these is that females conceived or born during a brief period of famine in Holland were of normal birth weight and achieved normal adult size but had small babies themselves. The second is that homeostatic settings are established in response to in utero malnutrition that lead eventually to premature death from coronary heart disease.
Overall, this book is, like most edited books, somewhat uneven in the quality of its chapters and, despite the unifying theme, quite diverse in content. However, the writing is clear enough to be accessible to nonspecialists and, as the examples above attest, there are some interesting long-term consequences of early environmental conditions.
Heinrich doesn’t like to climb but is willing to lightly freeze his gonads by lying still in the snow for hours on end and to handle rotting carcasses. He thus has two of the three personal attributes needed by scientists who study ravens. An intense attraction to road kills also helps.
Although this book is written for non-scientists, the theory is nevertheless pitched a little too low and slow. The state of knowledge of raven behavior and cognitive abilities is somewhat frustrating; one wishes we knew more and more definitively. Nevertheless, the natural history aspects of the book make it well worth reading, particularly those involving the symbiotic relationship between wolves and ravens. Very amusing tales of people who report being “warned” by ravens about the approach of large carnivores; amusing because the ravens were signalling the carnivores about the presence of a meal!
Henry, C.J.K. & Ulijaszek, S.J. (Ed.). (1996). Long-term consequences of early environment: growth, development, and the lifespan developmental perspective. N.Y.: Cambridge University Press. (appeared in The Quarterly Review of Biology, 72, 357).
The title of this book aptly captures the theme of its 14 chapters. The editors' introduction is a very brief and accurate summary of the content of the remaining chapters. The first chapter examines human growth and development from an evolutionary perspective; a related chapter describes research on the determination of human sex ratios. Five of the chapters deal with the effects of early nutrition on later growth, examining such questions as whether children who are undernourished at various ages can "catch up" in growth if later nourished adequately. Other chapters concern the development of human taste and smell preferences, the development of sexuality, and the relationship of puberty to fertility. The book concludes with R.M. Garruto's very interesting chapter on late onset neuro-degenerative disorders that compares amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinsonism-dementia common in the Western Pacific with Alzheimer's disease.
To a reader outside the specialties represented in this book, three findings concerning the long-term consequences of early environment seemed of particular interest. The first, reported in A.H. Goodman's chapter Early life stresses and adult health: insights from dental enamel development, is that linear enamel hypoplasias can be used to study the longitudinal pattern of morbidity, mortality, and stress, not only in living populations, but also in past populations. The teeth's memory of stress can thus provide information about the living conditions of ancient groups not otherwise attainable.
Two surprising findings are described by D.J.P. Barker in The origins of coronary heart disease in early life. The first of these is that females conceived or born during a brief period of famine in Holland were of normal birth weight and achieved normal adult size but had small babies themselves. The second is that homeostatic settings are established in response to in utero malnutrition that lead eventually to premature death from coronary heart disease.
Overall, this book is, like most edited books, somewhat uneven in the quality of its chapters and, despite the unifying theme, quite diverse in content. However, the writing is clear enough to be accessible to nonspecialists and, as the examples above attest, there are some interesting long-term consequences of early environmental conditions.
Hellman, H. (1998). Great feuds in science: Ten of the liveliest disputes ever. Toronto: Wiley.
This somewhat Richard Scarryishly titled book covers Urban the VIII vs Galileo on the heliocentric theory, Wallis versus Hobbes on geometrical method, Newton versus Leibnitz on the invention of the calculus, Voltaire vs Needham on spontaneous generation, Huxley versus Wilberforce on natural selection, Kelvin vs the geologists and biologists on the age of the earth, Cope versus Marsh on dinosaur evolution, Wegener vs everybody on continental drift, Johanson versus the Leakeys on hominid evolution, and Freeman vs Mead on nature vs nurture.
These disparate controversies are covered in less than 200 small pages. The stories are more interesting if you haven’t read longer versions of them. Taken together, there are few morals to be drawn from these controversies. Some are simply priority disputes (Newton vs Leibnitz and Cope vs Marsh), some in which one party is completely right and everyone else wrong (e.g., Wegener, Huxley).
This somewhat Richard Scarryishly titled book covers Urban the VIII vs Galileo on the heliocentric theory, Wallis versus Hobbes on geometrical method, Newton versus Leibnitz on the invention of the calculus, Voltaire vs Needham on spontaneous generation, Huxley versus Wilberforce on natural selection, Kelvin vs the geologists and biologists on the age of the earth, Cope versus Marsh on dinosaur evolution, Wegener vs everybody on continental drift, Johanson versus the Leakeys on hominid evolution, and Freeman vs Mead on nature vs nurture.
These disparate controversies are covered in less than 200 small pages. The stories are more interesting if you haven’t read longer versions of them. Taken together, there are few morals to be drawn from these controversies. Some are simply priority disputes (Newton vs Leibnitz and Cope vs Marsh), some in which one party is completely right and everyone else wrong (e.g., Wegener, Huxley).
Hixson, J. (1976). The patchwork mouse: Politics and intrigue in the campaign to conquer cancer. NY: Doubleday.
This is a story about an infamous scientific fraud. Dr. William Summerlin claimed he could graft foreign tissues onto mice without them being rejected. Get this, he painted some white mice to make them appear as if they had black (transplanted) fur on them. Makes a person believe in Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime (crimes are easy things done opportunistically and impulsively).
Hixson tries to conclude that the pressure to get results and lax supervision (of this fully grown MD) is the culprit. Well, maybe a little character weakness as well--it turns out that the good doctor had been suspected of fraudulent activities much earlier. So crimes may all be easy things done opportunistically but they are differentially likely to be committed by certain kinds of folks.
This is a story about an infamous scientific fraud. Dr. William Summerlin claimed he could graft foreign tissues onto mice without them being rejected. Get this, he painted some white mice to make them appear as if they had black (transplanted) fur on them. Makes a person believe in Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime (crimes are easy things done opportunistically and impulsively).
Hixson tries to conclude that the pressure to get results and lax supervision (of this fully grown MD) is the culprit. Well, maybe a little character weakness as well--it turns out that the good doctor had been suspected of fraudulent activities much earlier. So crimes may all be easy things done opportunistically but they are differentially likely to be committed by certain kinds of folks.
Hӧlldobler, B. & Wilson, E.O. (2009). The super-organism: The beauty, elegance, and strangeness of insect societies. NY: Norton.
This is a big book with lots of great coloured photos. The authors, of course, are the world authorities on ants but in this book they seem a little confused about their intended audience. Sometimes, they are writing for lay folk, sometimes for biologists, and sometimes the amount of detail (especially the plethora of species names) suggests a specialist audience.
Overall though, this is a great description of insect (particularly ant) societies and their evolution. We can infer the course of this evolution because it is preserved in the varying degrees of eusociality of extant species. The most highly developed ant species are termed superorganisms because they resemble individual metazoans. The queen is the germ line, the various castes of workers are organs, and the individuals are the cells (you may recall “Aunt Hillary” in Gӧdel, Escher, Bach). No wonder they are so successful (ants weigh about as much as people do on the blue planet).
Wilson parts company a bit with his co-author in arguing for colony-level as opposed to individual selection. It is clear that after a species develops non-reproductive physically specialized castes (a point of no return), most natural selection must operate at a colony level. The question is—at what level of prior sociality does this happen? Wilson thinks it happens somewhat early.
The most instructive part of the book describes the very simple algorithms that result in such sophisticated operations at the colony level. In this regard, the leaf-cutting fungus farmers are the most amazing. Also instructive are comparisons of the visual communication system of the bees with the more terrestrial pheromone system of the ants.
This is a big book with lots of great coloured photos. The authors, of course, are the world authorities on ants but in this book they seem a little confused about their intended audience. Sometimes, they are writing for lay folk, sometimes for biologists, and sometimes the amount of detail (especially the plethora of species names) suggests a specialist audience.
Overall though, this is a great description of insect (particularly ant) societies and their evolution. We can infer the course of this evolution because it is preserved in the varying degrees of eusociality of extant species. The most highly developed ant species are termed superorganisms because they resemble individual metazoans. The queen is the germ line, the various castes of workers are organs, and the individuals are the cells (you may recall “Aunt Hillary” in Gӧdel, Escher, Bach). No wonder they are so successful (ants weigh about as much as people do on the blue planet).
Wilson parts company a bit with his co-author in arguing for colony-level as opposed to individual selection. It is clear that after a species develops non-reproductive physically specialized castes (a point of no return), most natural selection must operate at a colony level. The question is—at what level of prior sociality does this happen? Wilson thinks it happens somewhat early.
The most instructive part of the book describes the very simple algorithms that result in such sophisticated operations at the colony level. In this regard, the leaf-cutting fungus farmers are the most amazing. Also instructive are comparisons of the visual communication system of the bees with the more terrestrial pheromone system of the ants.
Holmes, H. (2001). The secret life of dust: From the cosmos to the kitchen counter, the big consequences of little things. Toronto, ON: Wiley.
I think I’ll stop breathing now–too much Mongolian dirt, rubber tire bits, and strangers’ skin flakes. If it weren’t for the garbage transport system in my lungs, I would have stopped long ago. A very interesting book covering lots of things that I didn’t know–like just how much dust there is and how far it travels, for example.
I think I’ll stop breathing now–too much Mongolian dirt, rubber tire bits, and strangers’ skin flakes. If it weren’t for the garbage transport system in my lungs, I would have stopped long ago. A very interesting book covering lots of things that I didn’t know–like just how much dust there is and how far it travels, for example.
Hooper, E. (1999). The River: A journey to the source of HIV and AIDS. N.Y.: Little, Brown.
A meticulously researched investigation of an iatrogenic hypothesis for the origin of the AIDS pandemic. Hooper attempts to show that the HIV retrovirus was introduced to people from chimpanzee kidneys used to produce polio vaccines in Africa in the 1950's. Hooper can’t prove his case because he discovers no smoking gun; he does, however, provide a lot of circumstantial evidence. If it didn’t happen as Hooper suggests, it certainly could have.
This is a very long book but, despite a little repetitiveness, retains the reader’s interest by presenting the argument in the context of the author’s investigations and describing the personalities of the parties involved. Most of these individuals do not come across very well-of course, who could blame someone alleged to have been involved in the introduction of AIDS for being a little defensive.
In the fight for the glory of developing an anti-polio vaccine that occurred during the polio panics of the fifties, many short cuts were taken, particularly by Albert Sabin’s chief rival, Hilary Kropowski.
An interesting side note: William Hamilton acted as a benefactor to this research and his African involvement ultimately led to his premature death.
A meticulously researched investigation of an iatrogenic hypothesis for the origin of the AIDS pandemic. Hooper attempts to show that the HIV retrovirus was introduced to people from chimpanzee kidneys used to produce polio vaccines in Africa in the 1950's. Hooper can’t prove his case because he discovers no smoking gun; he does, however, provide a lot of circumstantial evidence. If it didn’t happen as Hooper suggests, it certainly could have.
This is a very long book but, despite a little repetitiveness, retains the reader’s interest by presenting the argument in the context of the author’s investigations and describing the personalities of the parties involved. Most of these individuals do not come across very well-of course, who could blame someone alleged to have been involved in the introduction of AIDS for being a little defensive.
In the fight for the glory of developing an anti-polio vaccine that occurred during the polio panics of the fifties, many short cuts were taken, particularly by Albert Sabin’s chief rival, Hilary Kropowski.
An interesting side note: William Hamilton acted as a benefactor to this research and his African involvement ultimately led to his premature death.
Hrdy, S.B. (1980). The langurs of Abu: Female and male strategies of reproduction. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
When this book was written, infanticide by male langurs was little known and very controversial. Now, of course, both the practice, in species ranging from lions to grizzlies, and its explanation are known even to those who only watch nature shows on TV.
How did the idea, a kind of a noble savage mythology, ever arise that animals were kindly social democrats? Prior to the seventies, didn’t anybody watch cats play with mice or male pigeons peck squabs to death very, very, slowly while their mothers watched impassively?
A good book.
When this book was written, infanticide by male langurs was little known and very controversial. Now, of course, both the practice, in species ranging from lions to grizzlies, and its explanation are known even to those who only watch nature shows on TV.
How did the idea, a kind of a noble savage mythology, ever arise that animals were kindly social democrats? Prior to the seventies, didn’t anybody watch cats play with mice or male pigeons peck squabs to death very, very, slowly while their mothers watched impassively?
A good book.
Ings, S. (2016). Stalin and the scientists: A history of triumph and tragedy 1905-1953. Faber & Faber: London.
The scientism of 19th century anti-government Russian radicals was carried forward into the Bolshevik revolution. Marxism was thought to be scientific and Stalin had himself hailed as a master scientist. In fact, there were some scientists among the early revolutionists and many of the leaders of the revolution were real intellectuals. More importantly, however, the communists were romantics who believed that the people, using their socialist common-sense could make more important discoveries than the scientific elite (kind of like “Joe the Plumber” in the US).
The underlings inevitably had to find these barefoot scientists and make them prosper-- Lysenko was merely the most notorious of these. A whole lot of sycophantic lying and obfuscation followed; not to mention all the Russians who starved because of the politically correct agricultural techniques Lysenko and his cronies introduced. Moreover, like bureaucratic bosses everywhere, the party leaders thought their judgment best. Politically sensitive sciences (like genetics) suffered the most. Most scientists (who escaped being shot) ended up working in the vast gulag, where there were special camps for researchers.
A well-presented cautionary tale for our time. Ings is not himself a scientist and it sometimes shows. He, for example, does not appear to understand the importance of Pavlov’s work on conditioned reflexes.
The scientism of 19th century anti-government Russian radicals was carried forward into the Bolshevik revolution. Marxism was thought to be scientific and Stalin had himself hailed as a master scientist. In fact, there were some scientists among the early revolutionists and many of the leaders of the revolution were real intellectuals. More importantly, however, the communists were romantics who believed that the people, using their socialist common-sense could make more important discoveries than the scientific elite (kind of like “Joe the Plumber” in the US).
The underlings inevitably had to find these barefoot scientists and make them prosper-- Lysenko was merely the most notorious of these. A whole lot of sycophantic lying and obfuscation followed; not to mention all the Russians who starved because of the politically correct agricultural techniques Lysenko and his cronies introduced. Moreover, like bureaucratic bosses everywhere, the party leaders thought their judgment best. Politically sensitive sciences (like genetics) suffered the most. Most scientists (who escaped being shot) ended up working in the vast gulag, where there were special camps for researchers.
A well-presented cautionary tale for our time. Ings is not himself a scientist and it sometimes shows. He, for example, does not appear to understand the importance of Pavlov’s work on conditioned reflexes.
Johnston, V.S. (1999). Why we feel: The science of human emotion. Perseus.
This book reads like it is from a very good set of lectures. The arguments are crystal clear and presented without distractions. The Darwinian selectionist paradigm is central to Johnston’s thought, not on the periphery; it informs not only his science but also his epistemology.
Emotions are conceived of as exaggerated representations of likely changes in fitness that are tightly linked to motivations. Johnston presents some neat computer simulations to illustrate his points. For example, a computer program that allows the user to chose a face from among those of a “genetically related” group of faces on the basis of its similarity to the remembered target face (that of the perpetrator). The program then uses this face to form the basis of the next generation of mug shots (similar to Dawkins’ Blind Watchmaker program). Johnston reports better results with this technique than those produced with identikit drawings. Other interesting data come from a similar program on the web that for the user-guided evolution of beautiful faces.
This book doesn’t require any specialized knowledge to understand but is informative to people who have already read a lot of this literature. Highly recommended.
This book reads like it is from a very good set of lectures. The arguments are crystal clear and presented without distractions. The Darwinian selectionist paradigm is central to Johnston’s thought, not on the periphery; it informs not only his science but also his epistemology.
Emotions are conceived of as exaggerated representations of likely changes in fitness that are tightly linked to motivations. Johnston presents some neat computer simulations to illustrate his points. For example, a computer program that allows the user to chose a face from among those of a “genetically related” group of faces on the basis of its similarity to the remembered target face (that of the perpetrator). The program then uses this face to form the basis of the next generation of mug shots (similar to Dawkins’ Blind Watchmaker program). Johnston reports better results with this technique than those produced with identikit drawings. Other interesting data come from a similar program on the web that for the user-guided evolution of beautiful faces.
This book doesn’t require any specialized knowledge to understand but is informative to people who have already read a lot of this literature. Highly recommended.
Jones, S. (1999). Darwin’s ghost: The Origin of Species updated. Toronto: Doubleday.
An interesting idea to update Darwin’s Origin. The work is competently executed in a somewhat odd style--a mix of laconic summary and quasi-nineteenth century exposition. Not a heavily referenced book and written for non-biologists. In general, good reading but surprisingly weak on the sociobiology side.
An interesting idea to update Darwin’s Origin. The work is competently executed in a somewhat odd style--a mix of laconic summary and quasi-nineteenth century exposition. Not a heavily referenced book and written for non-biologists. In general, good reading but surprisingly weak on the sociobiology side.
Jones, S. Martin, R, & Pilbeam, D. (Eds.). (1992). The Cambridge encyclopedia of human evolution. London: Cambridge University Press.
The editors have done a fine job of very clearly explaining a great deal of material. The chapters are very short, written by experts, and among the easiest to understand that I’ve come across. Because of the breadth of material covered, no one is likely to know all of it.
The book is a bit dated now but still very worthwhile. Interestingly, in a few spots, the author of a chapter will predict what should be found in future. In some of these cases, we already know they were right! Very strong on primate evolution.
The editors have done a fine job of very clearly explaining a great deal of material. The chapters are very short, written by experts, and among the easiest to understand that I’ve come across. Because of the breadth of material covered, no one is likely to know all of it.
The book is a bit dated now but still very worthwhile. Interestingly, in a few spots, the author of a chapter will predict what should be found in future. In some of these cases, we already know they were right! Very strong on primate evolution.
Kagan, J. (1998). Three seductive ideas. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
And the flawed ideas are: Psychological processes generalize broadly, infant determinism (the effects of the first two years of life are observable throughout life), and that most behavior is motivated by sensory pleasure. I concluded after reading this book, that criticisms made at this level of generality aren’t very helpful. Exceptions can be noted in which some aspect of these "flawed ideas” are in fact correct. We can’t tell, for example, how broadly psychological processes are likely to generalize from history or methodological caveats, only through investigation.
And the flawed ideas are: Psychological processes generalize broadly, infant determinism (the effects of the first two years of life are observable throughout life), and that most behavior is motivated by sensory pleasure. I concluded after reading this book, that criticisms made at this level of generality aren’t very helpful. Exceptions can be noted in which some aspect of these "flawed ideas” are in fact correct. We can’t tell, for example, how broadly psychological processes are likely to generalize from history or methodological caveats, only through investigation.
Kelly, J. (2005). The great mortality: An intimate history of the black death, the most devastating plague of all time. NY: HarperCollins.
This book recounts the story of the black death and is moderately interesting, although sometimes pointlessly repetitious. Histories of the plague constitute very well worn ground and very little in the way of new material is presented. OK if you haven’t read previous histories of the plague.
This book recounts the story of the black death and is moderately interesting, although sometimes pointlessly repetitious. Histories of the plague constitute very well worn ground and very little in the way of new material is presented. OK if you haven’t read previous histories of the plague.
Kern, S. (2004). A cultural history of causality: Science, murder novels, and systems of thought. Princeton University Press.
In small pieces, Kern describes the major currents of Western European thought from Victorian times to the present and argues that they are exemplified in representative murder mystery novels written throughout this period. Thus progressively later novels increasingly interpret causes as more specific, more multi-faceted, and more complex.
The author is extremely well read and articulate and the short essays on how various intellectual traditions conceptualize causation are wonderfully clear. Nevertheless, this remains a somewhat strangely argued book. Despite the efforts of the author to convince us otherwise, the probative value of the causal interpretations in these novels is unclear. I don’t doubt that the conceptions of causation vary over these novels in the way that Kern asserts but what does this mean? Are the novelists consciously expressing causal conceptions that they learned from the intellectuals who developed them, do the causal conceptions come from the popular culture and influence intellectual and novelist alike, is it sometimes one thing, sometimes another, and sometimes both? One wonders about the sampling issues—what proportion of crime novels express notions of causality in these particular ways over time?
In small pieces, Kern describes the major currents of Western European thought from Victorian times to the present and argues that they are exemplified in representative murder mystery novels written throughout this period. Thus progressively later novels increasingly interpret causes as more specific, more multi-faceted, and more complex.
The author is extremely well read and articulate and the short essays on how various intellectual traditions conceptualize causation are wonderfully clear. Nevertheless, this remains a somewhat strangely argued book. Despite the efforts of the author to convince us otherwise, the probative value of the causal interpretations in these novels is unclear. I don’t doubt that the conceptions of causation vary over these novels in the way that Kern asserts but what does this mean? Are the novelists consciously expressing causal conceptions that they learned from the intellectuals who developed them, do the causal conceptions come from the popular culture and influence intellectual and novelist alike, is it sometimes one thing, sometimes another, and sometimes both? One wonders about the sampling issues—what proportion of crime novels express notions of causality in these particular ways over time?
Kevles, D.J. (1998). The Baltimore Case: A trial of politics, science, and character. N.Y.: Norton.
This is the Kafkaesque story of Nobelist David Baltimore and his colleagues who ran afoul of the NIH bureaucracy and a committee of the Congress. It started with a disgruntled postdoctoral fellow alleging sloppiness and errors of interpretation in a paper published in Cell and grew to encompass charges of scientific fraud. The whistle-blower informally became part of the NIH investigative team and the congressional committee treated this team as if it were in its employ. The charges kept changing but the defendants were neither allowed to know what these charges were nor to be privy to the evidence upon which they were based.
Scientific rivals of Baltimore were the most vociferous critics. Semi-professional fraud busters became involved and, together with members of the congressional committee, leaked all of the investigative details to the lay and scientific press (who published it and editorialized about it). The careers of all of the defendants were permanently damaged. This sorry business took a decade to sort out and ended with the exoneration of the investigators.
This is a tale of political correctness gone nutty, the peculiar relationship of big government to expensive science, the corrosive effects of professional jealousy, and how specialized scientific knowledge has become.
Half way through the book, I realized that I knew one of the NIH principals (a villainess of course) from my days dealing with NIMH.
Nobody is safe from this sort of thing.
This is the Kafkaesque story of Nobelist David Baltimore and his colleagues who ran afoul of the NIH bureaucracy and a committee of the Congress. It started with a disgruntled postdoctoral fellow alleging sloppiness and errors of interpretation in a paper published in Cell and grew to encompass charges of scientific fraud. The whistle-blower informally became part of the NIH investigative team and the congressional committee treated this team as if it were in its employ. The charges kept changing but the defendants were neither allowed to know what these charges were nor to be privy to the evidence upon which they were based.
Scientific rivals of Baltimore were the most vociferous critics. Semi-professional fraud busters became involved and, together with members of the congressional committee, leaked all of the investigative details to the lay and scientific press (who published it and editorialized about it). The careers of all of the defendants were permanently damaged. This sorry business took a decade to sort out and ended with the exoneration of the investigators.
This is a tale of political correctness gone nutty, the peculiar relationship of big government to expensive science, the corrosive effects of professional jealousy, and how specialized scientific knowledge has become.
Half way through the book, I realized that I knew one of the NIH principals (a villainess of course) from my days dealing with NIMH.
Nobody is safe from this sort of thing.
Kimura, D. (2000). Sex and cognition. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.
Doreen Kimura is Professor of Psychology at Simon Fraser University. She provides an accessible and brief summary of sex differences in cognition in this book. Many of the findings are derived from the program of research she maintained for many years at the University of Western Ontario.
It is likely to be a surprise to nonspecialist readers that there are so many sex differences in cognition and that some of them are of considerable magnitude. The documentation of these differences, together with their evolutionary implications, has been unwelcome in some academic and social policy circles. Kimura doesn’t say much about the criticism her work has received but the book is organized so as to preempt knee jerk politically correct criticism and she makes a few comments that suggest that she is a little weary of it.
Another surprise to nonspecialists will be the findings on sex differences in directional bilateral dermatoglyphic asymmetry (people have more fingerprint ridges on their right than left sides and men are more strongly lateralized than women). Surprising, because homosexual men are less lateralized than heterosexual men, making the former resemble women more than the latter. This finding, among others, supports a neurohormonal organizational theory of sexual orientation.
In sum, Kimura has achieved her goal of writing an accurate summary of the research on sex differences in a form suitable for a lay audience. The illustrations complement the text nicely and contribute to the book’s comprehensibility.
Doreen Kimura is Professor of Psychology at Simon Fraser University. She provides an accessible and brief summary of sex differences in cognition in this book. Many of the findings are derived from the program of research she maintained for many years at the University of Western Ontario.
It is likely to be a surprise to nonspecialist readers that there are so many sex differences in cognition and that some of them are of considerable magnitude. The documentation of these differences, together with their evolutionary implications, has been unwelcome in some academic and social policy circles. Kimura doesn’t say much about the criticism her work has received but the book is organized so as to preempt knee jerk politically correct criticism and she makes a few comments that suggest that she is a little weary of it.
Another surprise to nonspecialists will be the findings on sex differences in directional bilateral dermatoglyphic asymmetry (people have more fingerprint ridges on their right than left sides and men are more strongly lateralized than women). Surprising, because homosexual men are less lateralized than heterosexual men, making the former resemble women more than the latter. This finding, among others, supports a neurohormonal organizational theory of sexual orientation.
In sum, Kimura has achieved her goal of writing an accurate summary of the research on sex differences in a form suitable for a lay audience. The illustrations complement the text nicely and contribute to the book’s comprehensibility.
Koertge, N. (Ed.). (1998). A house built on sand: Exposing postmodernist myths about science. N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
The authors of these chapters are profoundly unimpressed with the contributions of “science studies” to the sum total of human knowledge. Only one author, Philip Kitcher, offers (a somewhat lame) defense of science studies. However, none of the authors object to the scrutiny of science by nonscientists or to historians who attempt to construct theories of scientists’ behavior, rather they object to the scientific illiteracy of many of the practitioners of science studies and their ideological axe-grinding.
The state of science studies is much worse than one would naively expect. Three examples from the many presented will suffice. The first is Alan Sokal’s “Social Text Affair” in which his farcical parody of postmodernist criticism entitled “Transgressing the boundaries: Toward a transformative hermeneutics of quantum gravity” was published as a serious paper in Social Text, a leading postmodernist journal . One of the most interesting aspects of the hoax is that the paper was deliberately written to be funny to anyone trained in mathematics or the physical sciences. “Liberatory mathematics” shall set us free.
A second example is a John Huth’s detailed examination of Latour’s influential critique of Einstein’s theory of relativity. An examination that reveals Latour’s understanding of relativity to be inferior even to mine (and that’s saying something). Equally amusing is the third example in which Paul Gross dissects the “discovery” that male scientists suppressed knowledge of the active role of the egg in fertilization. His chapter is titled “Bashful eggs, macho sperm, and tonypandy”. “Tonypandy” is a dramatic story without a word of truth in it.
Unfortunately, it’s not all funny. Some of the chapters are densely written academic treatises and do not deal with the palpably absurd in an amusing way. However, the last chapter by Meera Nanda is not only unfunny, it’s quite disturbing. This chapter “The epistemic charity of the social constructivist critics of science and why the third world should refuse the offer” describes the use that Hindu nationalists, Islamic fundamentalists, and Chinese communists have made of cultural relativity and social constructionist criticisms of science in bolstering extreme nationalist and ultra-conservative agendas.
Although many postmodernist arguments reflect simple ignorance and fuzzy thinking, they are advanced in all seriousness from reputable academic institutions; scientific illiterates, whether in the third world or elsewhere, cannot be expected to detect their fundamental flaws. Thus, underlying the “science wars” is the very real problem caused by the combination of the exponential growth of factual knowledge and theoretical understanding with brains that are no smarter they used to be. Not only is more stuff known, what is known is understood at increasing levels of abstraction. Each of us knows less and less of what is known and are increasingly dependent on specialists for understanding issues outside of our narrow window of personal expertise. But scientists at least understand something of the methods used in other areas of science, people without much training in mathematics and science do not even have that, and are completely dependent on faith for their knowledge of the world. For such individuals (the overwhelming majority of the world’s population), the postmodernist critique actually applies, one truth or way of knowing appears to be as good or authoritative as any other. It is no wonder that there are science wars.
Kummer, H. (1995). In quest of the sacred baboon: A scientist’s journey. Princeton University Press.
Very well done personal history of Kummer’s fieldwork on baboon behavior. Kummer comes across as a very...well, noble guy. The book illustrates how much we have learned about primate behavior over the past twenty years because of Kummer and other people doing careful studies in the field.
Very well done personal history of Kummer’s fieldwork on baboon behavior. Kummer comes across as a very...well, noble guy. The book illustrates how much we have learned about primate behavior over the past twenty years because of Kummer and other people doing careful studies in the field.
Larsen, C.S. (2000). Skeletons in our closet: Revealing our past through bioarcheology. Princeton University Press.
Despite a somewhat wooden expository style, a sparsity of data on several central issues, and a little too much on the author’s own career, an interesting book. The very idea that one can find out about the nutritional status and amount of physical activity by looking at skeletons can’t help but engage the reader. The author reviews how activity and disease affects bones, the now standard story of how the adoption of agriculture can cause health problems, and attempts to reconstruct how colonization affected colonists and aboriginals in the New World.
Despite a somewhat wooden expository style, a sparsity of data on several central issues, and a little too much on the author’s own career, an interesting book. The very idea that one can find out about the nutritional status and amount of physical activity by looking at skeletons can’t help but engage the reader. The author reviews how activity and disease affects bones, the now standard story of how the adoption of agriculture can cause health problems, and attempts to reconstruct how colonization affected colonists and aboriginals in the New World.
Lax, E. (2004). The mold in Dr. Florey’s coat: The story of the penicillin miracle. NY: Holt.
Wow! An exceptionally interesting book. Florey and his lab developed Fleming’s discovery of penicillin at Oxford during the dark days of the battle of Britain. The science, the personalities, and the politics involved are presented in engaging detail. The book communicates the excitement involved in doing important research during the war years (reminding one of the the Rad Lab), the naiveté of scientists (especially the English scientists), and the reach and importance of the Rockefeller Foundation. The title refers to the lab’s plan to put penicillin mold in their coats if the Germans invaded and they had to destroy their lab—if any made it to North America, they could grow new cultures of penicillin from the mold in the fabric of their jackets. But this is primarily the story of a scientific project and its products--the end packs quite a punch and I won’t give it away.
Wow! An exceptionally interesting book. Florey and his lab developed Fleming’s discovery of penicillin at Oxford during the dark days of the battle of Britain. The science, the personalities, and the politics involved are presented in engaging detail. The book communicates the excitement involved in doing important research during the war years (reminding one of the the Rad Lab), the naiveté of scientists (especially the English scientists), and the reach and importance of the Rockefeller Foundation. The title refers to the lab’s plan to put penicillin mold in their coats if the Germans invaded and they had to destroy their lab—if any made it to North America, they could grow new cultures of penicillin from the mold in the fabric of their jackets. But this is primarily the story of a scientific project and its products--the end packs quite a punch and I won’t give it away.
Leroi, A.M. (2003). Mutants: On genetic variety and the human body. NY: Viking.
This is a first class book--easy to read, with up-to-date science, and a real, if politically incorrect, fascination with human variety. Each chapter takes a condition (red-headedness or no-headedness, for example) describes some affected or afflicted individuals together with a bit of history, and then provides the genetic and developmental explanation for the condition. Excellent.
This is a first class book--easy to read, with up-to-date science, and a real, if politically incorrect, fascination with human variety. Each chapter takes a condition (red-headedness or no-headedness, for example) describes some affected or afflicted individuals together with a bit of history, and then provides the genetic and developmental explanation for the condition. Excellent.
Lewis, M. (2017). The undoing project: A friendship that changed our minds. NY: Norton.
The friendship mentioned in the title is that of Israeli psychologists Daniel Kahneman (1934-) and Amos Tversky (1937-1986), the former of whom won the 2002 Nobel Prize in Economics. Lewis is not a psychologist but learned enough through his interviews and reading to provide what is part a joint biography and part an intellectual history of the work on cognitive biases and heuristics that led to Kahneman’s Nobel. The book presents an accurate account of Kahneman and Tversky’s work and the decision theory/cognitive psychology zeitgeist of the 70’s and 80’s. Lewis clearly knows what he is doing and produces a first-rate product.
This book provoked many memories in me because part of my work was in a closely related area, I published my first paper on clinical judgment in 1979, and over the years have cited almost everybody mentioned in the book (Coombs, Slovic, Goldberg, Dawes, Fischoff, Hoffman) although I didn’t realize until reading this book that they had intermittently worked together. My results were entirely consistent with theirs. I vividly remember Kahneman and Tversky’s On the psychology of prediction appearing in a 1982 issue of the Psychological Review.
Kahneman and Tversky’s friendship and collaboration was unusually close, it was more like a marriage. Over time, however, Tversky garnered a greater and greater share of the fruits of their collaboration—for example being courted by Harvard and hired at Stanford whereas Kahneman was consigned to the academic hinterland of UBC. This issue ultimately and fatally corroded their collaboration.
The friendship mentioned in the title is that of Israeli psychologists Daniel Kahneman (1934-) and Amos Tversky (1937-1986), the former of whom won the 2002 Nobel Prize in Economics. Lewis is not a psychologist but learned enough through his interviews and reading to provide what is part a joint biography and part an intellectual history of the work on cognitive biases and heuristics that led to Kahneman’s Nobel. The book presents an accurate account of Kahneman and Tversky’s work and the decision theory/cognitive psychology zeitgeist of the 70’s and 80’s. Lewis clearly knows what he is doing and produces a first-rate product.
This book provoked many memories in me because part of my work was in a closely related area, I published my first paper on clinical judgment in 1979, and over the years have cited almost everybody mentioned in the book (Coombs, Slovic, Goldberg, Dawes, Fischoff, Hoffman) although I didn’t realize until reading this book that they had intermittently worked together. My results were entirely consistent with theirs. I vividly remember Kahneman and Tversky’s On the psychology of prediction appearing in a 1982 issue of the Psychological Review.
Kahneman and Tversky’s friendship and collaboration was unusually close, it was more like a marriage. Over time, however, Tversky garnered a greater and greater share of the fruits of their collaboration—for example being courted by Harvard and hired at Stanford whereas Kahneman was consigned to the academic hinterland of UBC. This issue ultimately and fatally corroded their collaboration.
Livi-Bacci, M. (2001). A concise history of world population. Third edition. Oxford: Blackwell.
This is indeed a concise history of world population. It is sometimes pitched too slow but most of it is just right for beginners like me. There are some absolutely wonderful graphs at the beginning of the book that provide a great deal of food for thought about how fundamentally our lives differ from those of previous populations.
This is indeed a concise history of world population. It is sometimes pitched too slow but most of it is just right for beginners like me. There are some absolutely wonderful graphs at the beginning of the book that provide a great deal of food for thought about how fundamentally our lives differ from those of previous populations.
Lucas, J.R. & Simmons, L.W. (2006). Essays in animal behaviour: Celebrating 50 years of animal behaviour. London: Elsevier Academic Press.
This is a series of self-congratulatory historical essays written by leaders in the field of behavioral ecology. These authors have in fact a lot to congratulate themselves about, although some areas have moved much faster than others. I read Wynne-Edwards’ tome invoking group selection as the explanation for stable population densities when a graduate student but didn’t read the critical rejoinders by Williams and others that initiated the period of theoretical progress caused by focusing on the gene as the locus of selection. Too bad, I would have been a lot further ahead in my thinking in the seventies and early eighties.
The next development that contributed to rapid progress was the development of genetic methods of testing kinship. This has paid off big time in contributing to our knowledge of mating systems in a wide variety of species, leading to the current focus on sexual conflict.
Parker, one of the big guns in this area, remarks “Mercifully, the political feuds about human nature and criticisms that the adaptationist approach was “Panglossian” (Gould & Lewontin, 1979) proved to be only diversions that obscured what was happening: the explosion of one of Tingbergen’s (1964) celebrated “four questions”. The fourth question pertained to the evolution of behavioral characteristics.
Parker is certainly correct about animal behaviourists but the confusions caused by the sociobiology controversy live on in psychology. The majority of psychologists read only biology books and reviews written for a general audience rather than the primary literature. These books, many of which are quite good, nevertheless mistakenly give the impression that the controversies about genetic determinism, political correctness, and so forth are current in biological circles. On the other hand, a perusal of recent psychology journals from a variety of areas show that psychology is catching up fast.
This is a series of self-congratulatory historical essays written by leaders in the field of behavioral ecology. These authors have in fact a lot to congratulate themselves about, although some areas have moved much faster than others. I read Wynne-Edwards’ tome invoking group selection as the explanation for stable population densities when a graduate student but didn’t read the critical rejoinders by Williams and others that initiated the period of theoretical progress caused by focusing on the gene as the locus of selection. Too bad, I would have been a lot further ahead in my thinking in the seventies and early eighties.
The next development that contributed to rapid progress was the development of genetic methods of testing kinship. This has paid off big time in contributing to our knowledge of mating systems in a wide variety of species, leading to the current focus on sexual conflict.
Parker, one of the big guns in this area, remarks “Mercifully, the political feuds about human nature and criticisms that the adaptationist approach was “Panglossian” (Gould & Lewontin, 1979) proved to be only diversions that obscured what was happening: the explosion of one of Tingbergen’s (1964) celebrated “four questions”. The fourth question pertained to the evolution of behavioral characteristics.
Parker is certainly correct about animal behaviourists but the confusions caused by the sociobiology controversy live on in psychology. The majority of psychologists read only biology books and reviews written for a general audience rather than the primary literature. These books, many of which are quite good, nevertheless mistakenly give the impression that the controversies about genetic determinism, political correctness, and so forth are current in biological circles. On the other hand, a perusal of recent psychology journals from a variety of areas show that psychology is catching up fast.
Maier, T. (2009). Masters of sex: The life and times of William Masters and Virginia Johnson, the couple who taught America how to love. NY: Basic Books.
A surprising cautionary tale on several levels. I remember seeing Masters and Johnson at a small talk I gave in New York, probably in he early eighties. I was struck by how uptight and insular they looked. Now I understand why.
Masters was a fiercely ambitious and brusque man with a very sad childhood (his father, suffering from a personality twisted by a brain tumour, disowned him early). Masters became a prominent ObGyn in St. Louis. He got university support for a medical study of sexual behaviour—a very different and far riskier proposition than conducting interviews like Kinsey. First, he used prostitutes for his lab work. Later, he recruited nurses, secretaries, faculty, faculty wives, and so forth.
Masters recruited Gini Johnson, a secretary without particular qualifications, as a research assistant. She was a twice-divorced single mother of two. Part of her job was to help Johnson understand the sexual response by having sex with him in the lab. Gini was spectacularly successful in procuring volunteers. As the work progressed, Johnson contributed more and more under Masters’ tutelage. She was promoted until she became co-director of the lab.
Masters’ research was very secret because of its controversial nature and inspired a great deal of gossip. It became clear that the university would neither give Masters full support nor Gini a faculty position after Masters presented the preliminary results of his research to the medical faculty. People were shocked by a film of a nude woman stimulating herself to orgasm.
Masters moved his research to a private institute. He consistently failed to get government funding for his research or to publish in refereed journals. The clinic was dependent on private donors—usually wealthy clients, grateful for having their sexual dysfunctions fixed by the two-week behavioural treatment developed by Masters and Johnson (mostly the latter), although Playboy Inc. was also a long-time contributor. The treatment was spectacularly successful for problems like premature ejaculation.
Fame came with the publication of Human Sexual Response and Human Sexual Inadequacy. Masters and Johnson treated wealthy and famous clients, went on speaking tours, appeared on TV, and hobnobbed with the rich and famous.
The problem was that Masters had to do a lot of lying to carry this all off. He lied to his wife and everyone else about keeping Gini as a mistress and he lied about using paid “sexual surrogates” for treating unpartnered clients. The use of surrogates was concealed because it simply raised too many ethical issues. This high risk enterprise could and almost did blow up on several occasions. When Gini appeared ready to marry another man and leave the clinic, Masters abruptly divorced his wife and shortly thereafter married Gini himself.
Because the clinic had little research money, basic research was largely replaced by clinical work. The treatment was expensive and labour intensive but Masters and Johnson resisted forming franchises. Gradually, everything unravelled. Masters and Johnson had become accustomed to fame and they wanted more “firsts”. They published a book touting successful alteration of homosexual preferences on the basis of scant, sloppily documented, and, to some degree, imaginary data. This book became and remains grist for the evangelists’ mill—homosexuality was a choice that could be overcome by treatment and, later, prayer.
Sex clinics sprang up around the country—some of the practitioners had been trained in the clinic—but most had not. Charlatans and untrained clinicians offered the usual mix of regular psychotherapy and flakey nostrums for sexual dysfunctions and some sexually exploited their clientele. Masters argued mightily for credentialing sex therapists but appeared hypocritical because the best therapist of them all, Gini, had no formal training whatsoever.
The denouement was sad. Masters developed Parkinsons and started dementing. Gini took care of him and protected him as best she could from professional embarrassment. In return, Masters suddenly asked for a divorce in order to marry his first and long unrequited love. Masters finally retired to Arizona and Gini sank into embittered obscurity.
A good read and not at all what I had expected.
A surprising cautionary tale on several levels. I remember seeing Masters and Johnson at a small talk I gave in New York, probably in he early eighties. I was struck by how uptight and insular they looked. Now I understand why.
Masters was a fiercely ambitious and brusque man with a very sad childhood (his father, suffering from a personality twisted by a brain tumour, disowned him early). Masters became a prominent ObGyn in St. Louis. He got university support for a medical study of sexual behaviour—a very different and far riskier proposition than conducting interviews like Kinsey. First, he used prostitutes for his lab work. Later, he recruited nurses, secretaries, faculty, faculty wives, and so forth.
Masters recruited Gini Johnson, a secretary without particular qualifications, as a research assistant. She was a twice-divorced single mother of two. Part of her job was to help Johnson understand the sexual response by having sex with him in the lab. Gini was spectacularly successful in procuring volunteers. As the work progressed, Johnson contributed more and more under Masters’ tutelage. She was promoted until she became co-director of the lab.
Masters’ research was very secret because of its controversial nature and inspired a great deal of gossip. It became clear that the university would neither give Masters full support nor Gini a faculty position after Masters presented the preliminary results of his research to the medical faculty. People were shocked by a film of a nude woman stimulating herself to orgasm.
Masters moved his research to a private institute. He consistently failed to get government funding for his research or to publish in refereed journals. The clinic was dependent on private donors—usually wealthy clients, grateful for having their sexual dysfunctions fixed by the two-week behavioural treatment developed by Masters and Johnson (mostly the latter), although Playboy Inc. was also a long-time contributor. The treatment was spectacularly successful for problems like premature ejaculation.
Fame came with the publication of Human Sexual Response and Human Sexual Inadequacy. Masters and Johnson treated wealthy and famous clients, went on speaking tours, appeared on TV, and hobnobbed with the rich and famous.
The problem was that Masters had to do a lot of lying to carry this all off. He lied to his wife and everyone else about keeping Gini as a mistress and he lied about using paid “sexual surrogates” for treating unpartnered clients. The use of surrogates was concealed because it simply raised too many ethical issues. This high risk enterprise could and almost did blow up on several occasions. When Gini appeared ready to marry another man and leave the clinic, Masters abruptly divorced his wife and shortly thereafter married Gini himself.
Because the clinic had little research money, basic research was largely replaced by clinical work. The treatment was expensive and labour intensive but Masters and Johnson resisted forming franchises. Gradually, everything unravelled. Masters and Johnson had become accustomed to fame and they wanted more “firsts”. They published a book touting successful alteration of homosexual preferences on the basis of scant, sloppily documented, and, to some degree, imaginary data. This book became and remains grist for the evangelists’ mill—homosexuality was a choice that could be overcome by treatment and, later, prayer.
Sex clinics sprang up around the country—some of the practitioners had been trained in the clinic—but most had not. Charlatans and untrained clinicians offered the usual mix of regular psychotherapy and flakey nostrums for sexual dysfunctions and some sexually exploited their clientele. Masters argued mightily for credentialing sex therapists but appeared hypocritical because the best therapist of them all, Gini, had no formal training whatsoever.
The denouement was sad. Masters developed Parkinsons and started dementing. Gini took care of him and protected him as best she could from professional embarrassment. In return, Masters suddenly asked for a divorce in order to marry his first and long unrequited love. Masters finally retired to Arizona and Gini sank into embittered obscurity.
A good read and not at all what I had expected.
Maples, W.R. (1994). Dead men do tell tales. Toronto: Doubleday.
A bit disappointing. Lots of description of what happens to dead bodies. Amazing to what lengths forensic anthropologists will go to find out the cause of death or the identity of a body. The author is a little full of himself. A few interesting cases, one is establishing the identity of the murdered Tsar and his entourage (see Massie’s book on the last days of the Romanovs for a very different view).
A bit disappointing. Lots of description of what happens to dead bodies. Amazing to what lengths forensic anthropologists will go to find out the cause of death or the identity of a body. The author is a little full of himself. A few interesting cases, one is establishing the identity of the murdered Tsar and his entourage (see Massie’s book on the last days of the Romanovs for a very different view).
Margulis, L. & Sagan, D. (1986). Origins of sex: Three billion years of genetic recombination. New Haven: Yale University Press.
I can remember how excited I was when mitochondria were asserted to have originated as separate organisms. Margulis was the originator of that now accepted hypothesis. She believes that all cellular organelles originated similarly.
This book is incredibly difficult reading. I was not convinced by her final thesis on the origin of sex but it is an interesting one. Worth the trouble.
I can remember how excited I was when mitochondria were asserted to have originated as separate organisms. Margulis was the originator of that now accepted hypothesis. She believes that all cellular organelles originated similarly.
This book is incredibly difficult reading. I was not convinced by her final thesis on the origin of sex but it is an interesting one. Worth the trouble.
Margulis, L. & Sagan, D. (2002). Acquiring genomes: A theory of the origins of species. N.Y.: Yale University Basic.
Very interesting reading and not very technical. The authors argue that speciation requires acquisition of genomes from unrelated organisms (as in chloroplasts and mitochondria by eukaryotes) rather than mutations and natural selection. The wholesale horizontal transfer of genes among bacteria and the lack of clearcut species of bacteria are emphasized. There are many fascinating examples of weirdly hybridized organisms.
I'm no evolutionary theorist but it seems to me that Margulis and Sagan simply push back the creative role of natural selection one step - how did the incorporated genome acquire its useful properties in the first place? I have no problem with the belief that "random" mutations have been overemphasized. Indeed, I think that biologists do not really mean "random" in the ordinary sense when they speak about mutations - instead they mean that their origin is unknown and their nature orthogonal to the purpose to which natural selection may put them.
Very interesting reading and not very technical. The authors argue that speciation requires acquisition of genomes from unrelated organisms (as in chloroplasts and mitochondria by eukaryotes) rather than mutations and natural selection. The wholesale horizontal transfer of genes among bacteria and the lack of clearcut species of bacteria are emphasized. There are many fascinating examples of weirdly hybridized organisms.
I'm no evolutionary theorist but it seems to me that Margulis and Sagan simply push back the creative role of natural selection one step - how did the incorporated genome acquire its useful properties in the first place? I have no problem with the belief that "random" mutations have been overemphasized. Indeed, I think that biologists do not really mean "random" in the ordinary sense when they speak about mutations - instead they mean that their origin is unknown and their nature orthogonal to the purpose to which natural selection may put them.
Mayor, A. (2000). The first fossil hunters: Paleontology in Greek and Roman times. Princeton University Press.
The book presents good evidence that the Griffin is based upon findings of Proterceratops fossils in the Gobi desert. Many Greek towns had “hero’s bones” on display. Mostly these were enormous mastodon and mammoth remains. It’s not hard to understand why the ancients believed that the world had been populated by giants. The author argues for greater collaboration between paleontologists and classical scholars.
The book presents good evidence that the Griffin is based upon findings of Proterceratops fossils in the Gobi desert. Many Greek towns had “hero’s bones” on display. Mostly these were enormous mastodon and mammoth remains. It’s not hard to understand why the ancients believed that the world had been populated by giants. The author argues for greater collaboration between paleontologists and classical scholars.
Mayr, E. (1991). One long argument: Charles Darwin and the genesis of modern evolutionary thought. Harvard University Press.
I suppose I should have read this classic many years ago but never got around to it until I found it in a used book store in 2016. What sets this book apart from the countless other books about Darwin is that Mayr was a major figure in the modern synthesis of Mendelian genetics, Darwinian natural selection, and population thinking.
Mayr explains that Darwin’s theory involves five separable components that are necessary to explain two independent phenomena: transformation in time and diversification in ecological and geographical space. The five components are evolution as such, common descent, multiplication of species, gradualism, and natural selection. The theory challenged many of the prevailing religious, philosophical, and scientific beliefs. Particularly, the theory challenged essentialism, the idea that all variable natural phenomena reflect a limited number of constant and sharply delimited essences. Darwin replaced essentialism with population thinking, emphasizing the role of individual differences in evolution. The unit of concern was the individual, not the species.
Although the book occasionally comes across as mildly partisan, it serves to remind one of just how different Darwinian evolutionary thought is from pre-Darwinian and contemporary non-Darwinian essentialist thinking about species. Mayr is very good at identifying the key elements of Darwinism in Darwin’s complex intellectual legacy. The first element (from 1859 to the modern synthesis) was simply explaining the natural world by natural processes. Following the synthesis, it was adaptive evolutionary change under the influence of natural selection and variational, instead of transformational, evolution.
I suppose I should have read this classic many years ago but never got around to it until I found it in a used book store in 2016. What sets this book apart from the countless other books about Darwin is that Mayr was a major figure in the modern synthesis of Mendelian genetics, Darwinian natural selection, and population thinking.
Mayr explains that Darwin’s theory involves five separable components that are necessary to explain two independent phenomena: transformation in time and diversification in ecological and geographical space. The five components are evolution as such, common descent, multiplication of species, gradualism, and natural selection. The theory challenged many of the prevailing religious, philosophical, and scientific beliefs. Particularly, the theory challenged essentialism, the idea that all variable natural phenomena reflect a limited number of constant and sharply delimited essences. Darwin replaced essentialism with population thinking, emphasizing the role of individual differences in evolution. The unit of concern was the individual, not the species.
Although the book occasionally comes across as mildly partisan, it serves to remind one of just how different Darwinian evolutionary thought is from pre-Darwinian and contemporary non-Darwinian essentialist thinking about species. Mayr is very good at identifying the key elements of Darwinism in Darwin’s complex intellectual legacy. The first element (from 1859 to the modern synthesis) was simply explaining the natural world by natural processes. Following the synthesis, it was adaptive evolutionary change under the influence of natural selection and variational, instead of transformational, evolution.
McDougall, C. (2009). Born to run: A hidden tribe, superathletes, and the greatest race the world has never seen. NY: Knopf.
I remember being absolutely amazed by a video showing a small group of bushmen running down a healthy antelope. How did they do it? They picked the largest and followed it. They had to track it part of the time because it would run out of sight. The idea was to prevent it from resting and cooling down. They picked the largest because it would overheat the fastest. One can imagine the use of a bow and arrow to improve the method—a blood trail would prevent the animal from disappearing into a larger group, make him easier to track, and of course the loss of blood would cause him to tire and overheat more quickly.
This book is about these sorts of issues—in particular, how we appear born to run. Only animals that run have an Achilles tendon for spring and a nuchal ligament to stabilize the head. We are designed to dissipate heat (with our upright stance and hair-covered head, together with our magnificent ability to sweat). People can run successfully even late in life. Of course, we are designed to run bare foot. McDougall argues that people in ancestral environments ran in hunting groups. This strategy worked particularly well in savannahs and parkland but not so well in ice age Europe where the non-running Neanderthals practiced ambush hunting.
The book makes these arguments entertaining by telling us about an amazing race between the fabled Tarahuamara Indians of Mexico’s Copper Canyons and elite American super endurance runners, such as Caballero Blanco and Scott Jurek.
Very good.
I remember being absolutely amazed by a video showing a small group of bushmen running down a healthy antelope. How did they do it? They picked the largest and followed it. They had to track it part of the time because it would run out of sight. The idea was to prevent it from resting and cooling down. They picked the largest because it would overheat the fastest. One can imagine the use of a bow and arrow to improve the method—a blood trail would prevent the animal from disappearing into a larger group, make him easier to track, and of course the loss of blood would cause him to tire and overheat more quickly.
This book is about these sorts of issues—in particular, how we appear born to run. Only animals that run have an Achilles tendon for spring and a nuchal ligament to stabilize the head. We are designed to dissipate heat (with our upright stance and hair-covered head, together with our magnificent ability to sweat). People can run successfully even late in life. Of course, we are designed to run bare foot. McDougall argues that people in ancestral environments ran in hunting groups. This strategy worked particularly well in savannahs and parkland but not so well in ice age Europe where the non-running Neanderthals practiced ambush hunting.
The book makes these arguments entertaining by telling us about an amazing race between the fabled Tarahuamara Indians of Mexico’s Copper Canyons and elite American super endurance runners, such as Caballero Blanco and Scott Jurek.
Very good.
McGrew, W.C., Marchant, L.F., & Nishida, T. (Eds.). (1996). Great ape societies. London: Cambridge University Press.
I can remember being enthralled by Irvin DeVore’s (1965) book on primate behavior. Made me want to leave the rat lab for the veldt. It is of interest to see what has changed in nearly thirty years. Well, certainly a lot more is known about a lot more species. Analyses of primate behavior are much more detailed now than formerly, there are longitudinal data on chimpanzees and gorillas, and there is new technology (establishing paternity from DNA obtained from hair found in sleeping nests and playback experiments that allow one to determine what particular calls mean).
Reference DeVore, I. (1965). Primate behavior: Field studies of monkeys and apes. NY: Holt Rinehart, & Winston.
I can remember being enthralled by Irvin DeVore’s (1965) book on primate behavior. Made me want to leave the rat lab for the veldt. It is of interest to see what has changed in nearly thirty years. Well, certainly a lot more is known about a lot more species. Analyses of primate behavior are much more detailed now than formerly, there are longitudinal data on chimpanzees and gorillas, and there is new technology (establishing paternity from DNA obtained from hair found in sleeping nests and playback experiments that allow one to determine what particular calls mean).
Reference DeVore, I. (1965). Primate behavior: Field studies of monkeys and apes. NY: Holt Rinehart, & Winston.
McNeill, W.H. (1977). Plagues and peoples. New York: Double Day.
A classic review of the relationship of disease to history. Despite a little conjecture, the book presents a compelling argument. It now seems strangely up to date and foreshadows more recent reviews, such as Diamond’s Guns, Germs, and Steel.
A classic review of the relationship of disease to history. Despite a little conjecture, the book presents a compelling argument. It now seems strangely up to date and foreshadows more recent reviews, such as Diamond’s Guns, Germs, and Steel.
McQuaig, L. (2006). War, big oil, and the fight for the planet: It’s the crude, dude. Canada: Anchor.
Superbly organized and very clearly written. The story of Standard Oil's achievement and maintenance of a monopoly is well known and infuriating. The plundering of Middle East oil and the blundering of recent American foreign policy is also well known. Putting all this together, however, makes a very compelling story. The most interesting (and depressing) part of the book is on how SUVs arose as a byproduct of the Japanese challenge to the North American car market.
Superbly organized and very clearly written. The story of Standard Oil's achievement and maintenance of a monopoly is well known and infuriating. The plundering of Middle East oil and the blundering of recent American foreign policy is also well known. Putting all this together, however, makes a very compelling story. The most interesting (and depressing) part of the book is on how SUVs arose as a byproduct of the Japanese challenge to the North American car market.
Meinesz, A. (1999). Killer algae. University of Chicago Press (trans. D. Simberloff).
Warning: If you have high blood pressure or a familial history of aneurisms, do not read this book. The killer algae, Caulerpa taxifolia, were deliberately introduced into the Mediterranean (or accidentally introduced and deliberately ignored) by the Oceanographic Museum of Monaco (the Jacques Costeau Institute). The author of the book valiantly battles the prestigious Museum, hostile scientists, ignorant bureaucrats, mindless journalists, and corrupt politicians and sort of wins......but too late.
Warning: If you have high blood pressure or a familial history of aneurisms, do not read this book. The killer algae, Caulerpa taxifolia, were deliberately introduced into the Mediterranean (or accidentally introduced and deliberately ignored) by the Oceanographic Museum of Monaco (the Jacques Costeau Institute). The author of the book valiantly battles the prestigious Museum, hostile scientists, ignorant bureaucrats, mindless journalists, and corrupt politicians and sort of wins......but too late.
Miles, J. (2003). Born cannibal: Evolution and the paradox of man. London: IconoKlastic. £9.99. Paperback, 229 pages with a foreword by George Williams.
This is one of many recent books on Darwinism intended for the intelligent layman. It advances the thesis that, because evolution occurs through selfish genes prospering at the expense of less efficiently selfish genes, immoral organisms are the only possible end result of evolutionary processes. Man’s evolved nature is therefore evil and only culture can make mankind moral.
The tone of this volume is quarrelsome and the arguments are often supported by repetition and appeals to authority. Thus, readers will tend to find only the arguments they already agree with convincing. The following quotes give the flavor of the book.
“Mankind has a universal, innate nature. It is a nature shared with every other ape. A nature shared with every other mammal. It is the nature of the selfish gene, and of pure, unalloyed, genetic self-interest. It is a nature of sexual eclecticism, horrific violence, cannibalism and infanticide.” (p. 73, bold and italics in original).
“Culture is not the product of biology, the claim of the evolutionary psychologists. Culture must combat biology, as Thomas Huxley said. And as Williams, Maynard Smith and Dawkins have all written.” (p. 74, italics in original).
The manner in which the moral nature of man is conceptualized and argued about in this book is strikingly reminiscent of 17th century debates on the same topic. Despite their hoary vintage, however, there are many problems with these arguments, some of which occur in other works applying evolutionary theory to human behavior. Perhaps the most obvious of these in this work is that “culture” is never defined and in any case does not provide an explanation of anything—it is merely a hopeful label for things not popularly considered to be “biological.”
A similarly serious problem is that, although this book is concerned with man’s morality or immorality, as exemplified by cannibalism and violence, there is no definition of morality and no consideration of human cannibalism or violence. Granted, there is but a modicum of knowledge about human cannibalism from archeology, anthropology, and history, but there is an enormous amount known about human violence and antisocial behavior more generally. None of this information informs this book and it is, therefore, unclear what an evolutionary theory of human immorality is intended to explain. For example, a successful theory of violence and antisocial behavior must explain the ubiquitous age and sex differences in perpetration (and victimization), the stable individual differences in antisocial propensities together with their degree of heritability, the striking cross-cultural similarities in the perception of certain behaviors as criminal, the well-documented influence of an individual's peers on that person's criminality, and so forth.
Part of the recurring confusion among biological theorists concerning the applicability of evolutionary theory to human behavior is likely caused by their frequent failure to take human behavior seriously. This is particularly the case because evolution has acted by creating proximal mechanisms that addressed immediate problems of survival and reproduction in ancestral environments. In the human case, contemporary problems may or may not be similar to those in which the mechanisms originally developed. In order to develop successful theories to account for human behaviors, these behaviors must be understood in detail. Of course it also helps to know something about the proximal mechanisms that cause the behaviors in the current environment. To return to the problem of evil, the devil is in the details.
This is one of many recent books on Darwinism intended for the intelligent layman. It advances the thesis that, because evolution occurs through selfish genes prospering at the expense of less efficiently selfish genes, immoral organisms are the only possible end result of evolutionary processes. Man’s evolved nature is therefore evil and only culture can make mankind moral.
The tone of this volume is quarrelsome and the arguments are often supported by repetition and appeals to authority. Thus, readers will tend to find only the arguments they already agree with convincing. The following quotes give the flavor of the book.
“Mankind has a universal, innate nature. It is a nature shared with every other ape. A nature shared with every other mammal. It is the nature of the selfish gene, and of pure, unalloyed, genetic self-interest. It is a nature of sexual eclecticism, horrific violence, cannibalism and infanticide.” (p. 73, bold and italics in original).
“Culture is not the product of biology, the claim of the evolutionary psychologists. Culture must combat biology, as Thomas Huxley said. And as Williams, Maynard Smith and Dawkins have all written.” (p. 74, italics in original).
The manner in which the moral nature of man is conceptualized and argued about in this book is strikingly reminiscent of 17th century debates on the same topic. Despite their hoary vintage, however, there are many problems with these arguments, some of which occur in other works applying evolutionary theory to human behavior. Perhaps the most obvious of these in this work is that “culture” is never defined and in any case does not provide an explanation of anything—it is merely a hopeful label for things not popularly considered to be “biological.”
A similarly serious problem is that, although this book is concerned with man’s morality or immorality, as exemplified by cannibalism and violence, there is no definition of morality and no consideration of human cannibalism or violence. Granted, there is but a modicum of knowledge about human cannibalism from archeology, anthropology, and history, but there is an enormous amount known about human violence and antisocial behavior more generally. None of this information informs this book and it is, therefore, unclear what an evolutionary theory of human immorality is intended to explain. For example, a successful theory of violence and antisocial behavior must explain the ubiquitous age and sex differences in perpetration (and victimization), the stable individual differences in antisocial propensities together with their degree of heritability, the striking cross-cultural similarities in the perception of certain behaviors as criminal, the well-documented influence of an individual's peers on that person's criminality, and so forth.
Part of the recurring confusion among biological theorists concerning the applicability of evolutionary theory to human behavior is likely caused by their frequent failure to take human behavior seriously. This is particularly the case because evolution has acted by creating proximal mechanisms that addressed immediate problems of survival and reproduction in ancestral environments. In the human case, contemporary problems may or may not be similar to those in which the mechanisms originally developed. In order to develop successful theories to account for human behaviors, these behaviors must be understood in detail. Of course it also helps to know something about the proximal mechanisms that cause the behaviors in the current environment. To return to the problem of evil, the devil is in the details.
Mithen, S. (1996). The prehistory of mind: The cognitive origins of art and science. N.Y.: Thames and Hudson.
This is an archeologist’s reply to Merlin Donald’s Origins of the Modern Mind. After a superb summary of what traditional and evolutionary psychologists have to say about the structure of the mind, especially the controversy over a general purpose computer versus a modular mental organization, Mithen attempts to relate the archeological record to the changing nature of our ancestors’ minds.
Mithen makes a good case for a general purpose brain organization developing through the elaboration of mental modules to a mind in which the modules can communicate with each other. I don’t think there are enough data to prove the author’s thesis but it is plausible. This book shows, however, that there is enough known now from archeology and cognitive science to start addressing questions concerning functional mental organization. There are exciting times ahead.
Very enjoyable book and an easy read.
Relevant and noteworthy new study: Roche, H., Delagnes, A., Brugal, J.P., Feibel, C., Kibunjia, M., Mourre, V., & Texier, P.J. (1999). Early hominid stone tool production and technical skill 2.34 Myr ago in West Turkana, Kenya. Nature, 399, 57-60.
Mithen, S. (2003). After the ice: A global human history 20,000-5000 BC. London: Orion House.
This is a survey of what is known about prehistorical history. The author covers the principal archeological sites and describes the scientific methods and sleuthing that allow their interpretation. The author attempts to bring this large work to life by inventing a person who visits each of the sites at the time it was occupied. The difficulty with prehistory for readers of it is that, unlike actual history, there are usually no actual personalities to capture our interest and sympathy. Similarly, the invented person/observer of this prehistory has no personality and doesn’t really interact with the people he observes. Thus, this narrative technique fails to achieve its purpose. Nevertheless, for those of us who like archeology, it’s a useful summary of contemporary knowledge on a very broad scale.
This is an archeologist’s reply to Merlin Donald’s Origins of the Modern Mind. After a superb summary of what traditional and evolutionary psychologists have to say about the structure of the mind, especially the controversy over a general purpose computer versus a modular mental organization, Mithen attempts to relate the archeological record to the changing nature of our ancestors’ minds.
Mithen makes a good case for a general purpose brain organization developing through the elaboration of mental modules to a mind in which the modules can communicate with each other. I don’t think there are enough data to prove the author’s thesis but it is plausible. This book shows, however, that there is enough known now from archeology and cognitive science to start addressing questions concerning functional mental organization. There are exciting times ahead.
Very enjoyable book and an easy read.
Relevant and noteworthy new study: Roche, H., Delagnes, A., Brugal, J.P., Feibel, C., Kibunjia, M., Mourre, V., & Texier, P.J. (1999). Early hominid stone tool production and technical skill 2.34 Myr ago in West Turkana, Kenya. Nature, 399, 57-60.
Mithen, S. (2003). After the ice: A global human history 20,000-5000 BC. London: Orion House.
This is a survey of what is known about prehistorical history. The author covers the principal archeological sites and describes the scientific methods and sleuthing that allow their interpretation. The author attempts to bring this large work to life by inventing a person who visits each of the sites at the time it was occupied. The difficulty with prehistory for readers of it is that, unlike actual history, there are usually no actual personalities to capture our interest and sympathy. Similarly, the invented person/observer of this prehistory has no personality and doesn’t really interact with the people he observes. Thus, this narrative technique fails to achieve its purpose. Nevertheless, for those of us who like archeology, it’s a useful summary of contemporary knowledge on a very broad scale.
Monbiot, G. (2007). Heat: How to stop the planet from burning. Toronto: Anchor.
I suppose that if there was a "must read" book, this would be it. I learned a lot about global warming--some of it should have been obvious (e.g., freezers in supermarkets without lids!). Monbiot is very clear and knowledgeable. He reviews the biggest energy-using human endeavours, identifies the problems, and for every instance, except aviation, is able to identify measures that would produce massive carbon dioxide emission savings, at least in principle.
I suppose that if there was a "must read" book, this would be it. I learned a lot about global warming--some of it should have been obvious (e.g., freezers in supermarkets without lids!). Monbiot is very clear and knowledgeable. He reviews the biggest energy-using human endeavours, identifies the problems, and for every instance, except aviation, is able to identify measures that would produce massive carbon dioxide emission savings, at least in principle.
Morris, S.C. (1998). The crucible of creation: The Burgess Shale and the rise of animals. Oxford University Press.
Not a very good read. This book describes what has already been better described by Gould (although this author does not have an ideological axe to grind) and does not have anything more general to say of much interest.
Not a very good read. This book describes what has already been better described by Gould (although this author does not have an ideological axe to grind) and does not have anything more general to say of much interest.
New Scientist. (2005). Does anything eat wasps? Toronto: Free Press.
The New Scientist has long had a column of questions and answers supplied by readers. This book comprises selections from the column. How fat would you have to be to be bullet-proof? Can a person survive on only beer? What nutrition is lost when vegetables are pickled? These and many other questions are answered in this book. A fun little read.
The New Scientist has long had a column of questions and answers supplied by readers. This book comprises selections from the column. How fat would you have to be to be bullet-proof? Can a person survive on only beer? What nutrition is lost when vegetables are pickled? These and many other questions are answered in this book. A fun little read.
Nikiforuk, A. (2011). Empire of the beetle: How human folly and a tiny bug are killing North America’s great forests. Vancouver: D & M Publishers.
JBS Haldane famously noted God’s inordinate fondness of beetles. God, however, has not been particularly fond of bark beetles until recently. Fire suppression and clear cutting have created vast stretches of aging trees--the type of trees that bark beetles ordinarily attack. Fire and bark beetles have removed old trees and contributed to plant diversity and forest renewal since time out of mind. No longer: The aging cohort of trees causes googolplexes of bark beetles to swarm over the forest. Global warming allows the beetle to survive ever further north and at ever higher altitudes so they can eat trees that have no natural defenses against them. The vast numbers also mean that the beetles no longer confine themselves to old trees.
The logging industry has “come to the rescue” by cutting infected trees, a practice that usually exacerbates beetle infestations (beetles remain in the stumps and in the bark of the cut trees). Since this culling is actually accomplished by clear-cutting, future beetle epidemics are guaranteed. Because trees killed by beetles rapidly lose their value as two by fours, logging companies clear cut vast swaths of dead trees as quickly as possible inevitably destroying the adjacent lakes and rivers.
As far as I can tell, governments and corporations blindly screw around with forests on a gigantic scale in an attempt to stop the bug of the month from reducing corporate profits (remember the spruce budworm?) and never successfully halt an insect infestation, although they do successfully poison and otherwise ruin a lot of forest (including killing off beetle predators).
I had to skip over some of this stuff because I was getting depressed.
On the other hand, bark beetles are very interesting critters. They are pack hunters par excellence with elaborate pheromone signaling systems and great acoustic communication.
JBS Haldane famously noted God’s inordinate fondness of beetles. God, however, has not been particularly fond of bark beetles until recently. Fire suppression and clear cutting have created vast stretches of aging trees--the type of trees that bark beetles ordinarily attack. Fire and bark beetles have removed old trees and contributed to plant diversity and forest renewal since time out of mind. No longer: The aging cohort of trees causes googolplexes of bark beetles to swarm over the forest. Global warming allows the beetle to survive ever further north and at ever higher altitudes so they can eat trees that have no natural defenses against them. The vast numbers also mean that the beetles no longer confine themselves to old trees.
The logging industry has “come to the rescue” by cutting infected trees, a practice that usually exacerbates beetle infestations (beetles remain in the stumps and in the bark of the cut trees). Since this culling is actually accomplished by clear-cutting, future beetle epidemics are guaranteed. Because trees killed by beetles rapidly lose their value as two by fours, logging companies clear cut vast swaths of dead trees as quickly as possible inevitably destroying the adjacent lakes and rivers.
As far as I can tell, governments and corporations blindly screw around with forests on a gigantic scale in an attempt to stop the bug of the month from reducing corporate profits (remember the spruce budworm?) and never successfully halt an insect infestation, although they do successfully poison and otherwise ruin a lot of forest (including killing off beetle predators).
I had to skip over some of this stuff because I was getting depressed.
On the other hand, bark beetles are very interesting critters. They are pack hunters par excellence with elaborate pheromone signaling systems and great acoustic communication.
Nüsslein-Volhard, C. (2006). Coming to life: How genes drive development. Kales Press.
A book on evo-devo written by a Nobel laureate. It clearly and concisely describes the scientific history leading up to the revolution in embryology. Not nearly as good as some of its splendid competitors, such as Endless forms most beautiful, though.
A book on evo-devo written by a Nobel laureate. It clearly and concisely describes the scientific history leading up to the revolution in embryology. Not nearly as good as some of its splendid competitors, such as Endless forms most beautiful, though.
O'Brien, G. & Yule, W. (Eds.). (1995). Behavioural Phenotypes. Cambridge University Press. (appeared in The Quarterly Review of Biology, 72, 105).
A behavioral phenotype is a characteristic pattern of behavioral abnormalities associated with a biological disorder, as found, for example in Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome, where severe self-injurious behavior and sometimes compulsive aggression accompany mental retardation.
This edited book describes what is known abut behavioral phenotypes, primarily in conditions associated with mental retardation. The first chapter by O'Brien and Yule, very clearly describes the conceptual and empirical background of the concept. The second chapter (Richards) provides a general overview of recent genetic research. The next two chapters concern methodology and measurement issues; these, however, are written at a more elementary level than the others and therefore seem a little out of place. Chapter five reviews recent research on the Fragile X Syndrome.
Jonathon Flint's chapter "Pathways from genotype to phenotype" makes fascinating reading. The research it describes is exciting because the path from genotype to behavior is frequently not too complex to be followed, permitting not only the use of animal models but the actual genetic dissection of behavior. By the end of this chapter, readers may contemplate jettisoning their own research program in favor of unravelling these paths.
The last chapter, "Psychological and behavioural phenotypes in genetically determined syndromes" by Udwin and Dennis, comprises over half of the book. It summarizes what is known about each, beginning with Aicardi Syndrome and ending with Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome. This chapter is a useful reference for those working in the field but is not intended to be read through.
In all, an uneven but worthwhile contribution to the literature. It will be of particular interest to clinicians who are interested in collaborating with geneticists in the study of developmentally handicapped individuals, although the more general chapters contain information relevant to genetically influenced psychiatric disorders as well.
A behavioral phenotype is a characteristic pattern of behavioral abnormalities associated with a biological disorder, as found, for example in Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome, where severe self-injurious behavior and sometimes compulsive aggression accompany mental retardation.
This edited book describes what is known abut behavioral phenotypes, primarily in conditions associated with mental retardation. The first chapter by O'Brien and Yule, very clearly describes the conceptual and empirical background of the concept. The second chapter (Richards) provides a general overview of recent genetic research. The next two chapters concern methodology and measurement issues; these, however, are written at a more elementary level than the others and therefore seem a little out of place. Chapter five reviews recent research on the Fragile X Syndrome.
Jonathon Flint's chapter "Pathways from genotype to phenotype" makes fascinating reading. The research it describes is exciting because the path from genotype to behavior is frequently not too complex to be followed, permitting not only the use of animal models but the actual genetic dissection of behavior. By the end of this chapter, readers may contemplate jettisoning their own research program in favor of unravelling these paths.
The last chapter, "Psychological and behavioural phenotypes in genetically determined syndromes" by Udwin and Dennis, comprises over half of the book. It summarizes what is known about each, beginning with Aicardi Syndrome and ending with Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome. This chapter is a useful reference for those working in the field but is not intended to be read through.
In all, an uneven but worthwhile contribution to the literature. It will be of particular interest to clinicians who are interested in collaborating with geneticists in the study of developmentally handicapped individuals, although the more general chapters contain information relevant to genetically influenced psychiatric disorders as well.
Plotkin, H. (2004). Evolutionary thought in psychology: A brief history. Oxford: Blackwell.
Having written extensive notes for a distance course on the history of psychology, I had been thinking about what further use I could put them to. There were too many fine books on the history of psychology written by actual professional historians to make it worthwhile for me to write another. Because of my interest in evolutionary psychology, my notes covered the history of Darwinian thinking in biology and psychology in some detail. I thought therefore that a book on the history of selectionist thought in psychology was well within my grasp.
Mindful that some years ago I had abandoned a project to write a book about the problems caused by the introduction of exotic species, cleverly entitled Alien invasions of North America, when I discovered that a book had on the same topic with the exact same title had already been published! So, I thought I had better check for books on the history of Darwinism in psychology.
Lo and behold, what pops up on my screen but just such a book by an English psychologist named Plotkin! My first hope was that the book might have been so poorly done or at least written from a point of view sufficiently different from my own that another book on this topic would be justified. Alas, not only is this book well done but the author’s favourite sources are my favourite sources (in particular, Richards’ masterful Darwin and the emergence of evolutionary theories of mind and behavior (1987)).
A friend suggested that I conceptualize having been scooped as having one less thing to do and I’m trying that.
Having written extensive notes for a distance course on the history of psychology, I had been thinking about what further use I could put them to. There were too many fine books on the history of psychology written by actual professional historians to make it worthwhile for me to write another. Because of my interest in evolutionary psychology, my notes covered the history of Darwinian thinking in biology and psychology in some detail. I thought therefore that a book on the history of selectionist thought in psychology was well within my grasp.
Mindful that some years ago I had abandoned a project to write a book about the problems caused by the introduction of exotic species, cleverly entitled Alien invasions of North America, when I discovered that a book had on the same topic with the exact same title had already been published! So, I thought I had better check for books on the history of Darwinism in psychology.
Lo and behold, what pops up on my screen but just such a book by an English psychologist named Plotkin! My first hope was that the book might have been so poorly done or at least written from a point of view sufficiently different from my own that another book on this topic would be justified. Alas, not only is this book well done but the author’s favourite sources are my favourite sources (in particular, Richards’ masterful Darwin and the emergence of evolutionary theories of mind and behavior (1987)).
A friend suggested that I conceptualize having been scooped as having one less thing to do and I’m trying that.
Poinar, G. & Poinar, R. (1994). The quest for life in amber. Don Mills: Addison-Wesley.
An interesting book in spots but often amateurishly written and in need of an editor. The husband of this team very frequently comes close to getting himself killed; the reader starts to wonder about this guy and whether he carries enough life insurance. Fossils in amber are much more common than I thought. One can get a picture of ancient forests.
An interesting book in spots but often amateurishly written and in need of an editor. The husband of this team very frequently comes close to getting himself killed; the reader starts to wonder about this guy and whether he carries enough life insurance. Fossils in amber are much more common than I thought. One can get a picture of ancient forests.
Poinar, G. & Poinar, R. (2008). What bugged the dinosaurs? Insects, disease, and death in the Cretaceous. Princeton University Press.
One couldn’t construe this book as well-written. The authors use too many species names, introduce species without describing them adequately or memorably, and weary the reader with “could haves” and “maybe dids”. Nevertheless, the overall story of disease in the Cretaceous is very interesting—ancient versions of all of the viruses, bacteria, protozoa, nematodes, ticks, lice, biting flies, and mosquitoes that make vertebrates miserable and sick today were present in the Cretaceous.
There is, in addition, one spectacular find that makes the whole book worthwhile. A sand fly was preserved in Burmese amber 100 million years ago and, remarkably, amastigotes of Paleoleishmania proterus could be observed in its proboscis and flagellated adults in its midgut. These are the first sightings of ancient trypansomatids (protozoans that cause leishmaniasis in a wide variety of vertebrates today). In humans, Leishmaniasis symptoms include anemia, skin lesions and damage to the spleen and liver. The ancient sand fly resembles modern flies that prey on reptiles rather than mammals. More remarkably yet, reptilian blood cells were found in the gut and some of the blood cells contained developing amastigotes. It thus appears that the sand flies fed on reptiles, most likely, dinosaurs, and, from additional finds, that the reptile/dinosaur population was heavily inflected.
One couldn’t construe this book as well-written. The authors use too many species names, introduce species without describing them adequately or memorably, and weary the reader with “could haves” and “maybe dids”. Nevertheless, the overall story of disease in the Cretaceous is very interesting—ancient versions of all of the viruses, bacteria, protozoa, nematodes, ticks, lice, biting flies, and mosquitoes that make vertebrates miserable and sick today were present in the Cretaceous.
There is, in addition, one spectacular find that makes the whole book worthwhile. A sand fly was preserved in Burmese amber 100 million years ago and, remarkably, amastigotes of Paleoleishmania proterus could be observed in its proboscis and flagellated adults in its midgut. These are the first sightings of ancient trypansomatids (protozoans that cause leishmaniasis in a wide variety of vertebrates today). In humans, Leishmaniasis symptoms include anemia, skin lesions and damage to the spleen and liver. The ancient sand fly resembles modern flies that prey on reptiles rather than mammals. More remarkably yet, reptilian blood cells were found in the gut and some of the blood cells contained developing amastigotes. It thus appears that the sand flies fed on reptiles, most likely, dinosaurs, and, from additional finds, that the reptile/dinosaur population was heavily inflected.
Pollan, M. (2001). The botany of desire: A plant's eye view of the world. New York: Random House.
An entertaining and thought provoking little book. Pollan considers apples, potatoes, tulips, and marijuana. The book is written for laymen but contains some little known information. There are some interesting observations on monocultures and genetic modification of plants. The plant's eye view of the world cannot be maintained for long but is only occasionally necessary as a narrative vehicle to get one in the mood.
An entertaining and thought provoking little book. Pollan considers apples, potatoes, tulips, and marijuana. The book is written for laymen but contains some little known information. There are some interesting observations on monocultures and genetic modification of plants. The plant's eye view of the world cannot be maintained for long but is only occasionally necessary as a narrative vehicle to get one in the mood.
Pollan, M. (2006). The omnivore’s dilemma. Toronto: Penguin.
Omnivores have to decide what to eat among a wide variety of alternatives. Pollan investigates where his dinner comes from in an effort to decide what he should be eating. He buys a beef calf and follows it through the feed lot to the abattoir, he works on a sustainable farm and participates in slaughtering chickens, he follows the route industrial corn takes from farm to soft drinks and fast food--most of what we eat is corn, even (indirectly) our meat.
The pervasiveness of corn, the reasons for its pervasiveness, and the destructiveness of its pervasiveness are the biggest surprises in this book. Corn is a great plant turned into a monster by government policies that drive farmers off the land, wreck whole ecosystems, and encourage the ascendancy of giant corporations (which, needless to say, are indifferent to our welfare). Talk about unsustainable!
The most interesting chapter of this book describes the operation of a sustainable farm. Very cool stuff, most of which I didn’t know before. It’s clearly possible to practice sustainable farming, the problem of implementation is primarily one of scale.
Apart from the practicalities of food production, Pollan is primarily interested in its ethics. His discussion of these issues is sensible and I, think, sound.
In all, a compelling read and highly recommended.
Omnivores have to decide what to eat among a wide variety of alternatives. Pollan investigates where his dinner comes from in an effort to decide what he should be eating. He buys a beef calf and follows it through the feed lot to the abattoir, he works on a sustainable farm and participates in slaughtering chickens, he follows the route industrial corn takes from farm to soft drinks and fast food--most of what we eat is corn, even (indirectly) our meat.
The pervasiveness of corn, the reasons for its pervasiveness, and the destructiveness of its pervasiveness are the biggest surprises in this book. Corn is a great plant turned into a monster by government policies that drive farmers off the land, wreck whole ecosystems, and encourage the ascendancy of giant corporations (which, needless to say, are indifferent to our welfare). Talk about unsustainable!
The most interesting chapter of this book describes the operation of a sustainable farm. Very cool stuff, most of which I didn’t know before. It’s clearly possible to practice sustainable farming, the problem of implementation is primarily one of scale.
Apart from the practicalities of food production, Pollan is primarily interested in its ethics. His discussion of these issues is sensible and I, think, sound.
In all, a compelling read and highly recommended.
Pringle, H. (2001). The Mummy Congress: Science, obsession, and the everlasting dead. Toronto: Penquin.
The book moves between the personalities of the mummy scientists and the science of mummy investigation. This is an interesting book, particularly the scientific parts, although the pronouncements about the deep psychological reasons that people are interested in mummies are too numerous to be an effective literary device.
The book moves between the personalities of the mummy scientists and the science of mummy investigation. This is an interesting book, particularly the scientific parts, although the pronouncements about the deep psychological reasons that people are interested in mummies are too numerous to be an effective literary device.
Pyne, L. (2016). Seven skeletons: The evolution of the world’s most famous human fossils. NY: Viking.
The seven skeletons are: the Neanderthal of La Chapelle, Piltdown Man (the hoax), the Taung Child, Peking Man, Lucy, the Flores hobbit, and Australopithecus sediba.
The author notes that when she first conceived of writing a book based on the historical influence of the discovery of these seven skeletons, she feared that there would not be enough material to sustain a book length treatment. Her fear was well placed: to fill out the book she has inserted a great deal of repetitious padding that quickly becomes annoying. One strategy the author could have employed was to discuss the evolutionary relationships among these nodes on our bushy family tree in much more detail. How these fossils became famous is mildly interesting but a very short story.
The seven skeletons are: the Neanderthal of La Chapelle, Piltdown Man (the hoax), the Taung Child, Peking Man, Lucy, the Flores hobbit, and Australopithecus sediba.
The author notes that when she first conceived of writing a book based on the historical influence of the discovery of these seven skeletons, she feared that there would not be enough material to sustain a book length treatment. Her fear was well placed: to fill out the book she has inserted a great deal of repetitious padding that quickly becomes annoying. One strategy the author could have employed was to discuss the evolutionary relationships among these nodes on our bushy family tree in much more detail. How these fossils became famous is mildly interesting but a very short story.
Quammen, D. (1996). The song of the dodo: Island biogeography in an age of extinction. NY: Simon and Schuster.
This book is a real winner. Imagine reading a whole big book on extinction without becoming suicidally depressed, just a little sad. Quammen has literally gone to the four corners of the earth to research this book, scared himself silly on a cliff side in Madagascar, travelled to remote Southeast Asian Islands on tramp steamers, collected ants on islands off Mexico, and interviewed all of the big guns in biogeography. And he has read a great deal.
All of this travelling and reading permits Quammen to present a nice little course on biogeography, a discipline founded by some of my favorite people like Jared Diamond and E.O. Wilson. Quammen takes us through how the seminal ideas about speciation and extinction on islands developed by telling us about the people who developed the ideas, from Wallace to the present. Usually, he writes about the ideas in the actual locations where they were developed. He also covers the substance and personalities involved in the major scientific disputes, it sounds oh so familiar.
Despite the very annoying practice of occasionally talking directly to the reader “don’t worry, this won’t be hard, and will be over soon,” this is a remarkably well written and engaging book. The reader actually learns a great deal of material without hardly noticing (it really isn’t hard).
Highly recommended.
This book is a real winner. Imagine reading a whole big book on extinction without becoming suicidally depressed, just a little sad. Quammen has literally gone to the four corners of the earth to research this book, scared himself silly on a cliff side in Madagascar, travelled to remote Southeast Asian Islands on tramp steamers, collected ants on islands off Mexico, and interviewed all of the big guns in biogeography. And he has read a great deal.
All of this travelling and reading permits Quammen to present a nice little course on biogeography, a discipline founded by some of my favorite people like Jared Diamond and E.O. Wilson. Quammen takes us through how the seminal ideas about speciation and extinction on islands developed by telling us about the people who developed the ideas, from Wallace to the present. Usually, he writes about the ideas in the actual locations where they were developed. He also covers the substance and personalities involved in the major scientific disputes, it sounds oh so familiar.
Despite the very annoying practice of occasionally talking directly to the reader “don’t worry, this won’t be hard, and will be over soon,” this is a remarkably well written and engaging book. The reader actually learns a great deal of material without hardly noticing (it really isn’t hard).
Highly recommended.
Quammen, D. (Ed.). (2000). The best American science and nature writing 2000. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
I bought this because I greatly admired Quammen’s Song of the Dodo. This collection contains some very good essays and a few that are mediocre to a little dumb. Good ones include Judith Hooper’s Atlantic Monthly article entitled AA new germ theory” that describes Paul Ewald’s evolutionary analysis of changes in germ virulence. Dumbish ones include Nathalie Angier’s "Men, women, sex, and Darwin” from the New York Times Magazine. Angier believes she is arguing against an evolutionary view of human behavior whereas in actuality she is annoyed by some relatively minor issues and some casually made silly overstatements; the chapter ends with arguments supporting an evolutionary interpretation. Other articles deal with themes of consumerism, conservation, and declining species diversity; these chapters are OK but very depressing. The book as a whole is a good choice for those who prefer to or must read in snippets.
I bought this because I greatly admired Quammen’s Song of the Dodo. This collection contains some very good essays and a few that are mediocre to a little dumb. Good ones include Judith Hooper’s Atlantic Monthly article entitled AA new germ theory” that describes Paul Ewald’s evolutionary analysis of changes in germ virulence. Dumbish ones include Nathalie Angier’s "Men, women, sex, and Darwin” from the New York Times Magazine. Angier believes she is arguing against an evolutionary view of human behavior whereas in actuality she is annoyed by some relatively minor issues and some casually made silly overstatements; the chapter ends with arguments supporting an evolutionary interpretation. Other articles deal with themes of consumerism, conservation, and declining species diversity; these chapters are OK but very depressing. The book as a whole is a good choice for those who prefer to or must read in snippets.
Repcheck, J. (2003). The man who found time: James Hutton and the discovery of the earth’s antiquity.Cambridge, MA: Perseus.
Hutton was part of the Edinburgh enlightenment of the late 1700’s. He was enlightened himself in many areas other than geology (such as in improved agricultural practices) and a great friend of intellectual luminaries like Joseph Black, the chemist, James Watt, the inventor of the two cylinder steam engine, and Adam Smith, the economist. These folks, including David Hume, happily socialized in supper clubs they organized to promote discussion and to give each other’s work encouragement and friendly criticism.
Hutton, through his geological rambles and association with the digging of the Forth and Clyde Canal, made observations on patterns of erosion suggesting the earth’s great antiquity. Again, in contrast to prevailing views, Hutton believed that rocks were made in the interior of the earth rather than solely by deposition in oceans. During his lifetime and for a time thereafter, Hutton’s views received a very rough ride from dismissive and acerbic critics. Eventually, however, his theories were to emerge triumphant through their influence on Lyell’s decisive magnum opus.
A very good little book.
Hutton was part of the Edinburgh enlightenment of the late 1700’s. He was enlightened himself in many areas other than geology (such as in improved agricultural practices) and a great friend of intellectual luminaries like Joseph Black, the chemist, James Watt, the inventor of the two cylinder steam engine, and Adam Smith, the economist. These folks, including David Hume, happily socialized in supper clubs they organized to promote discussion and to give each other’s work encouragement and friendly criticism.
Hutton, through his geological rambles and association with the digging of the Forth and Clyde Canal, made observations on patterns of erosion suggesting the earth’s great antiquity. Again, in contrast to prevailing views, Hutton believed that rocks were made in the interior of the earth rather than solely by deposition in oceans. During his lifetime and for a time thereafter, Hutton’s views received a very rough ride from dismissive and acerbic critics. Eventually, however, his theories were to emerge triumphant through their influence on Lyell’s decisive magnum opus.
A very good little book.
Richards, R.J. (2008). The tragic sense of life: Ernst Haeckel and the struggle over evolutionary thought. University of Chicago Press.
Another fine book by Richards. This time he tackles the long misunderstood and often vilified Ernst Haeckel of “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny” fame. Haeckel is probably the most important evolutionary biologist after Darwin, whose valued collaborator he was. Haeckel’s books were extremely popular and the most widely read were written for an audience of educated lay people. Part of their popularity was due to Haeckel’s ability as an illustrator.
Less fortunately, Haeckel was a polemicist with a bitter tongue. He became more strident and bitter with the tragic death of his young wife, causing apoplexy among devout Christians and even managing to alienate many of his natural intellectual allies. Even Huxley, “Darwin’s bulldog” wanted him to cool it. All these polemics led to a great deal of controversy and venomous attacks from which Haeckel’s reputation has suffered to this day.
A somewhat amusing example is provided by Haeckel’s illustrations of the embryos of a dog, chicken, and turtle at the “sandal” stage of development in a popular science type of book. Haeckel wrote that one couldn’t tell these embryos apart. And indeed one couldn’t, because they were in fact duplicate prints. When his enemies discovered this, they accused him of scientific dishonesty, a charge that stuck forever. A more likely explanation, however, is carelessness because, in fact, it is difficult and often impossible to tell these embryos apart at this stage.
All of this was needlessly tragic. Haeckel was a superb biologist who contributed enormously to the scientific enterprise, particularly in his work on the radiolaria. And he was absolutely right—the best proof of evolution is in development.
Another fine book by Richards. This time he tackles the long misunderstood and often vilified Ernst Haeckel of “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny” fame. Haeckel is probably the most important evolutionary biologist after Darwin, whose valued collaborator he was. Haeckel’s books were extremely popular and the most widely read were written for an audience of educated lay people. Part of their popularity was due to Haeckel’s ability as an illustrator.
Less fortunately, Haeckel was a polemicist with a bitter tongue. He became more strident and bitter with the tragic death of his young wife, causing apoplexy among devout Christians and even managing to alienate many of his natural intellectual allies. Even Huxley, “Darwin’s bulldog” wanted him to cool it. All these polemics led to a great deal of controversy and venomous attacks from which Haeckel’s reputation has suffered to this day.
A somewhat amusing example is provided by Haeckel’s illustrations of the embryos of a dog, chicken, and turtle at the “sandal” stage of development in a popular science type of book. Haeckel wrote that one couldn’t tell these embryos apart. And indeed one couldn’t, because they were in fact duplicate prints. When his enemies discovered this, they accused him of scientific dishonesty, a charge that stuck forever. A more likely explanation, however, is carelessness because, in fact, it is difficult and often impossible to tell these embryos apart at this stage.
All of this was needlessly tragic. Haeckel was a superb biologist who contributed enormously to the scientific enterprise, particularly in his work on the radiolaria. And he was absolutely right—the best proof of evolution is in development.
Ridley, M. (1999). Genome: The autobiography of a species in 23 chapters. N.Y.: Harper Collins.
Ridley’s idea of having a separate chapter about each of the chromosomes is clever and effective. This is an easy read and the book covers a lot of interesting topics on the cutting edge of genetic research.
Ridley’s idea of having a separate chapter about each of the chromosomes is clever and effective. This is an easy read and the book covers a lot of interesting topics on the cutting edge of genetic research.
Rolls, E.T. (1999). The brain and emotion. N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
A book that demonstrates that the brain works like the systems of relays that used to be used to work pinball machines and run psychological experiments (talk about an obsolete programming skill!). The principal experiments are based on a very clever idea for studying the neural basis of reward that entails looking for individual cells that respond to cues associated with food reward but that cease responding with satiety. The experiments demonstrate the hierarchical and functional organization of the primate and rodent brain. For example, in the visual system, the first neurons in the system respond to points of light, at the next level to lines, and so on until the neurons respond to objects regardless of their context or orientation. At the next level, neurons respond when a food object or cue appears and the subject is hungry and stop responding when the subject is full. From this explication of the hardware, one can see the system is organized to achieve functional ends and how it would be easy to develop during evolution in stepwise fashion.
I was reasonably knowledgeable about this literature in the late sixties and early seventies and it is remarkable to see how knowledge has progressed in such an orderly fashion. Whereas thirty years ago, most workers in the area thought of the brain as a machine, the actual mechanisms were only guessed at except in the most simple cases. The mechanisms underlying motivation and object recognition are now known , at least in outline. They turn out to be just as mechanical and simple in principle as people hoped.
Regrettably, the book is much weaker toward the end. There are some speculative chapters and the chapter on sexual motivation is not particularly good.
Written for an academic audience.
A book that demonstrates that the brain works like the systems of relays that used to be used to work pinball machines and run psychological experiments (talk about an obsolete programming skill!). The principal experiments are based on a very clever idea for studying the neural basis of reward that entails looking for individual cells that respond to cues associated with food reward but that cease responding with satiety. The experiments demonstrate the hierarchical and functional organization of the primate and rodent brain. For example, in the visual system, the first neurons in the system respond to points of light, at the next level to lines, and so on until the neurons respond to objects regardless of their context or orientation. At the next level, neurons respond when a food object or cue appears and the subject is hungry and stop responding when the subject is full. From this explication of the hardware, one can see the system is organized to achieve functional ends and how it would be easy to develop during evolution in stepwise fashion.
I was reasonably knowledgeable about this literature in the late sixties and early seventies and it is remarkable to see how knowledge has progressed in such an orderly fashion. Whereas thirty years ago, most workers in the area thought of the brain as a machine, the actual mechanisms were only guessed at except in the most simple cases. The mechanisms underlying motivation and object recognition are now known , at least in outline. They turn out to be just as mechanical and simple in principle as people hoped.
Regrettably, the book is much weaker toward the end. There are some speculative chapters and the chapter on sexual motivation is not particularly good.
Written for an academic audience.
Rose, M.R. (1991). The evolutionary biology of aging. N.Y.: Oxford.
Not for the faint of heart, this is not a book written for the "intelligent layman.” Rose is good and knows his stuff and the stuff is theoretically important. I think with a good understanding of population genetics, this book wouldn’t be nearly so hard.
The basic idea is that in expanding or even stable populations having children younger is more important to one’s fitness than having them older. The effects of selection are therefore more important in youth than in old age (where we, dear reader, are abandoned).
Not for the faint of heart, this is not a book written for the "intelligent layman.” Rose is good and knows his stuff and the stuff is theoretically important. I think with a good understanding of population genetics, this book wouldn’t be nearly so hard.
The basic idea is that in expanding or even stable populations having children younger is more important to one’s fitness than having them older. The effects of selection are therefore more important in youth than in old age (where we, dear reader, are abandoned).
Rosenthal, J.S. (2005). Struck by lightning: The curious world of probabilities. Toronto: HarperCollins.
Amusing in spots. Explains how to think about probabilities. Not for people who have taken statistics courses.
Amusing in spots. Explains how to think about probabilities. Not for people who have taken statistics courses.
Russell, M. (2003). Piltdown Man: The secret life of Charles Dawson and the world’s greatest archeological hoax. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus.
I suppose that ordinarily upright people are sometimes tempted to commit a serious crime or terrible sin and thereafter live cleanly. But it seems that more often people do wrong and then keep doing wrong. Such is the case of Charles Dawson. Dawson was a lawyer and amateur (in the English tradition) archaeologist. He made a large number of finds of Roman and prehistoric antiquities, almost all of which are now known to be faked. Fairly early in his career, Dawson had a major falling out with the local historical society (although a member, he bought their building and evicted them) and it is clear that the local historians did not trust him. One wonders what they knew.
Piltdown man was Dawson’s biggest hoax. It was big indeed and misled many paleoanthropologists for decades. It is now known exactly how the skull, mandible, and teeth were altered to achieve the effect of age and possible human ancestry.
This is very good reading and raises the question of Dawson’s motivation. Why would anyone who is devoted to a field continually falsify knowledge? Apparently, just to appear important. This is all strangely reminiscent of the botanical hoaxer portrayed in A rum affair (see review on my website). It’s hard to imagine what these fakers are thinking. Did they really believe that no one would ever find out? Maybe posthumous exposure doesn’t matter…..
I suppose that ordinarily upright people are sometimes tempted to commit a serious crime or terrible sin and thereafter live cleanly. But it seems that more often people do wrong and then keep doing wrong. Such is the case of Charles Dawson. Dawson was a lawyer and amateur (in the English tradition) archaeologist. He made a large number of finds of Roman and prehistoric antiquities, almost all of which are now known to be faked. Fairly early in his career, Dawson had a major falling out with the local historical society (although a member, he bought their building and evicted them) and it is clear that the local historians did not trust him. One wonders what they knew.
Piltdown man was Dawson’s biggest hoax. It was big indeed and misled many paleoanthropologists for decades. It is now known exactly how the skull, mandible, and teeth were altered to achieve the effect of age and possible human ancestry.
This is very good reading and raises the question of Dawson’s motivation. Why would anyone who is devoted to a field continually falsify knowledge? Apparently, just to appear important. This is all strangely reminiscent of the botanical hoaxer portrayed in A rum affair (see review on my website). It’s hard to imagine what these fakers are thinking. Did they really believe that no one would ever find out? Maybe posthumous exposure doesn’t matter…..
Ryan, W. & Pitman, W. (1998). Noah’s flood. NY: Simon and Schuster.
WOW!! A real good one. The authors argue that there is a real-life basis to the Biblical and Sumerian flood stories. Melting glaciers raised the sea level until the Mediterranean erupted into an arid valley that became the Black Sea. This is about as interdisciplinary an enterprise as can be imagined, archeology, drill core samples from glaciers and sea beds, stories in ancient texts. It’s written in kind of a breathless detective story style.
WOW!! A real good one. The authors argue that there is a real-life basis to the Biblical and Sumerian flood stories. Melting glaciers raised the sea level until the Mediterranean erupted into an arid valley that became the Black Sea. This is about as interdisciplinary an enterprise as can be imagined, archeology, drill core samples from glaciers and sea beds, stories in ancient texts. It’s written in kind of a breathless detective story style.
Sabbagh, K. (1999). A rum affair: A true story of botanical fraud. Da Capo.
Well constructed book concerning allegations that J.W. Heslop Harrison, a professor at Newcastle University, had literally planted specimens of rare plants on the remote Hebridean island of Rum and claimed to have discovered them. These plants supported Harrison’s theory that certain species living on the island periphery of Scotland had survived the last ice age.
Harrison’s botanical frauds, long suspected by many, were uncovered in an investigation by John Raven, an amateur botanist and professional classicist at King’s College, Cambridge. Raven’s damning report was never published, although elliptical excerpts appeared in the literature and its contents were widely known by rumour within the botanical community.
Harrison’s reaction to these allegations in several letters is one of self-righteous anger, self-pity, and (to some degree justified) paranoia. The letters remind one strongly of the literature on pro-criminal sentiment and neutralizations. In line with this theme, we learn that Harrison had committed other frauds involving butterflies, other insects, his name, and his address!!
Strangely reminiscent of the English amateur, Charles Dawson, who in 1912 was responsible for the very destructive Piltdown hoax. It turned out later that all or most of Dawson‘s previous historical and paleontological “finds” were frauds.
Sapolsky, R.M. (2005). Monkeyluv: And other essays on our lives as animals. Toronto: Scribner.
A very readable and entertaining set of eighteen short essays reprinted from a variety of magazines such as Discover, the New Yorker, and Scientific American. Sapolsky, Professor of Biology and Neurology at Stanford, covers a wide range of loosely related topics ranging from Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, through the consequences of genetic imprinting, to sexual attraction among monkeys. A helpful set of notes and recommendations for further reading follow each essay. The author has a light and humorous touch and, although the material is written for non-biologists, the information is scientifically accurate. Mercifully, there is only a little of the tiresome sermonizing about the evils of genetic determinism that mars so many books on biology and behavior that are aimed at educated lay folk.
Well constructed book concerning allegations that J.W. Heslop Harrison, a professor at Newcastle University, had literally planted specimens of rare plants on the remote Hebridean island of Rum and claimed to have discovered them. These plants supported Harrison’s theory that certain species living on the island periphery of Scotland had survived the last ice age.
Harrison’s botanical frauds, long suspected by many, were uncovered in an investigation by John Raven, an amateur botanist and professional classicist at King’s College, Cambridge. Raven’s damning report was never published, although elliptical excerpts appeared in the literature and its contents were widely known by rumour within the botanical community.
Harrison’s reaction to these allegations in several letters is one of self-righteous anger, self-pity, and (to some degree justified) paranoia. The letters remind one strongly of the literature on pro-criminal sentiment and neutralizations. In line with this theme, we learn that Harrison had committed other frauds involving butterflies, other insects, his name, and his address!!
Strangely reminiscent of the English amateur, Charles Dawson, who in 1912 was responsible for the very destructive Piltdown hoax. It turned out later that all or most of Dawson‘s previous historical and paleontological “finds” were frauds.
Sapolsky, R.M. (2005). Monkeyluv: And other essays on our lives as animals. Toronto: Scribner.
A very readable and entertaining set of eighteen short essays reprinted from a variety of magazines such as Discover, the New Yorker, and Scientific American. Sapolsky, Professor of Biology and Neurology at Stanford, covers a wide range of loosely related topics ranging from Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, through the consequences of genetic imprinting, to sexual attraction among monkeys. A helpful set of notes and recommendations for further reading follow each essay. The author has a light and humorous touch and, although the material is written for non-biologists, the information is scientifically accurate. Mercifully, there is only a little of the tiresome sermonizing about the evils of genetic determinism that mars so many books on biology and behavior that are aimed at educated lay folk.
Sargent, T. (2005). The dance of molecules: How nanotechnology is changing our lives. Toronto, Penquin.
Great start to this little book. What good is technology and science for really important things? Sargent wants to re-create Greta Garbo but to “push around carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms to form 50 kilograms of luxurious closet-Swede is a major enterprise. The math tells the story: [Mass of Greta Garbo ~ 50 kg] + [Mass per carbon atom ~ 2x10-23] = 2x10-27 atoms to be arranged.” We’re not quite up to it yet but nanotechnology promises us Swedes of our own designing.
The book is organized into three sections Health (Diagnose, Heal, Grow), Environment (Energize, Protect, Emulate), and Information (Compute, Interact, Convey), followed by an epilogue (Humanize). There are some amazing feats of technology in all of these areas coming soon. It is all very simply and clearly written. The basic idea is to modify matter from the molecule up.
Great start to this little book. What good is technology and science for really important things? Sargent wants to re-create Greta Garbo but to “push around carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms to form 50 kilograms of luxurious closet-Swede is a major enterprise. The math tells the story: [Mass of Greta Garbo ~ 50 kg] + [Mass per carbon atom ~ 2x10-23] = 2x10-27 atoms to be arranged.” We’re not quite up to it yet but nanotechnology promises us Swedes of our own designing.
The book is organized into three sections Health (Diagnose, Heal, Grow), Environment (Energize, Protect, Emulate), and Information (Compute, Interact, Convey), followed by an epilogue (Humanize). There are some amazing feats of technology in all of these areas coming soon. It is all very simply and clearly written. The basic idea is to modify matter from the molecule up.
Schopf, J.W. (1999). Cradle of life: The discovery of the earth’s earliest fossils. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
A book about pushing back the limit of paleontological frustration. There is remarkably early evidence for the existence of life from tiny fossils. Since this book was written, still earlier fossils of eukaryote cells have been found in Australia.
Schopf is one of the pioneers in this area and provides a very basic and reader friendly review of the chemical fundamentals of life. Curiously, Schopf is a name dropper and clearly fascinated with the famous. For example, we are treated to a completely irrelevant section on Dali whom Schopf met after a scientific conference, complete with (not very good) pictures. Despite these occasional irrelevancies, this is a good book by a guy who has his scientific head screwed on straight.
A book about pushing back the limit of paleontological frustration. There is remarkably early evidence for the existence of life from tiny fossils. Since this book was written, still earlier fossils of eukaryote cells have been found in Australia.
Schopf is one of the pioneers in this area and provides a very basic and reader friendly review of the chemical fundamentals of life. Curiously, Schopf is a name dropper and clearly fascinated with the famous. For example, we are treated to a completely irrelevant section on Dali whom Schopf met after a scientific conference, complete with (not very good) pictures. Despite these occasional irrelevancies, this is a good book by a guy who has his scientific head screwed on straight.
Segal, N.L., Weisfeld, G.E., & Weisfeld, C.C. (1997). Uniting psychology and biology: Integrative perspectives on human development. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
How can a book like this fail? Well by not being nearly selective enough in choosing authors, I suppose. Not nearly as good as its competitors. Even Trivers gives a weak contribution to this volume. Despite the title, the theoretical focus of this book is weak and not sustained over chapters.
How can a book like this fail? Well by not being nearly selective enough in choosing authors, I suppose. Not nearly as good as its competitors. Even Trivers gives a weak contribution to this volume. Despite the title, the theoretical focus of this book is weak and not sustained over chapters.
Segerstrale, U. (2000). Defenders of the truth: The battle for science in the sociobiology debate and beyond. N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
Having heard Segerstrale talk, I can conclude that she’s a better writer than speaker. This is a very detailed account of the sociobiology controversy from a quasi-insider. The protraction of the conflict between Lewontin and Gould on the one side and Wilson and Dawkins on the other suggests that dominance rivalries lie at the heart of the matter. Firmly held ideological positions were attached to what were essentially technical scientific questions. However, the connections between these moral concerns to real issues of social and scientific policy are, at least in my view, highly speculative and likely nonexistent. For example, people don’t need scientific justification to persecute groups that they don’t like. History shows that they will legitimate their prosecution using whatever is at hand, if the pointy-headed scientists don’t provide something appropriate, they’ll misrepresent the science, use religion, history, Realpolitik, or whatever. In any event, these ideological positions appear to have been used primarily to discredit opponents and occupy the moral high ground (not that all the participants were equally guilty). Lewontin and Gould come out as the losers on the "let’s try to be objective” metric.
Having heard Segerstrale talk, I can conclude that she’s a better writer than speaker. This is a very detailed account of the sociobiology controversy from a quasi-insider. The protraction of the conflict between Lewontin and Gould on the one side and Wilson and Dawkins on the other suggests that dominance rivalries lie at the heart of the matter. Firmly held ideological positions were attached to what were essentially technical scientific questions. However, the connections between these moral concerns to real issues of social and scientific policy are, at least in my view, highly speculative and likely nonexistent. For example, people don’t need scientific justification to persecute groups that they don’t like. History shows that they will legitimate their prosecution using whatever is at hand, if the pointy-headed scientists don’t provide something appropriate, they’ll misrepresent the science, use religion, history, Realpolitik, or whatever. In any event, these ideological positions appear to have been used primarily to discredit opponents and occupy the moral high ground (not that all the participants were equally guilty). Lewontin and Gould come out as the losers on the "let’s try to be objective” metric.
Service, R. (2000). Lenin: A biography. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Lenin was a good deal more like Stalin than popularly believed. I was very surprised that he was not the rigorously logical intellectual I had thought him to be (who says propaganda doesn’t work?). Lenin pursued power and his writings provided a justification of his actions, not a rationale. A worthwhile read.
Short, R.V. & Balaban (Eds.). (1994). The Differences Between the Sexes. Cambridge University Press.
This book consists of 22 chapters and covers a great deal of ground. Differences between the sexes are described over a wide range of species from the cellular to the behavioral level. Aside from an Overview and an Afterword section, the chapters are grouped into four sections: Somatic dimorphisms across the species, sexual dimorphisms in organ systems, sex differences in behavior, and genetic and environmental control of gonadal sex.
Most of the chapters are well written and all are informative. There are some memorable passages, of which my favorite is the following: "The female germ cell enters into a long metabolic sleep from the moment of its formation in the embryo, thereby preserving the beauty of its mtDNA. It is awakened only by the kiss of the Prince, in preparation for the ensuing ovulation and fertilization." (p. 21). Most of this book would be comprehensible to anyone who has taken introductory courses in biology and genetics. The dominant impression that one has after reading this book is that there has been a tremendous explosion of knowledge in the last ten years.
A curious and regrettable feature of this book, however, is its failure to review the scientific literature on human behavioral sex differences. As is the case with non-human animals, the adaptationist perspective has made good progress in explaining human sex differences in a variety of behaviors, from homicide to mating. Instead of reviewing this extensive literature, the book concludes with an After word describing the editors’ opinions about whether the adaptationist paradigm can be applied successfully to human sex differences in behavior and, if so, whether it should be. The inconsistency in the application of a scientific approach between the body of the book and the After word is striking.
Quinsey, V.L. (1999). A review of the Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology. Quarterly Review of Biology, 74, 113.
Lenin was a good deal more like Stalin than popularly believed. I was very surprised that he was not the rigorously logical intellectual I had thought him to be (who says propaganda doesn’t work?). Lenin pursued power and his writings provided a justification of his actions, not a rationale. A worthwhile read.
Short, R.V. & Balaban (Eds.). (1994). The Differences Between the Sexes. Cambridge University Press.
This book consists of 22 chapters and covers a great deal of ground. Differences between the sexes are described over a wide range of species from the cellular to the behavioral level. Aside from an Overview and an Afterword section, the chapters are grouped into four sections: Somatic dimorphisms across the species, sexual dimorphisms in organ systems, sex differences in behavior, and genetic and environmental control of gonadal sex.
Most of the chapters are well written and all are informative. There are some memorable passages, of which my favorite is the following: "The female germ cell enters into a long metabolic sleep from the moment of its formation in the embryo, thereby preserving the beauty of its mtDNA. It is awakened only by the kiss of the Prince, in preparation for the ensuing ovulation and fertilization." (p. 21). Most of this book would be comprehensible to anyone who has taken introductory courses in biology and genetics. The dominant impression that one has after reading this book is that there has been a tremendous explosion of knowledge in the last ten years.
A curious and regrettable feature of this book, however, is its failure to review the scientific literature on human behavioral sex differences. As is the case with non-human animals, the adaptationist perspective has made good progress in explaining human sex differences in a variety of behaviors, from homicide to mating. Instead of reviewing this extensive literature, the book concludes with an After word describing the editors’ opinions about whether the adaptationist paradigm can be applied successfully to human sex differences in behavior and, if so, whether it should be. The inconsistency in the application of a scientific approach between the body of the book and the After word is striking.
Quinsey, V.L. (1999). A review of the Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology. Quarterly Review of Biology, 74, 113.
Shreeve, J. (1995). The Neandertal enigma: Solving the mystery of modern human origins. N.Y.: Morrow.
This book, like several others, such as Wright’s Moral Animal and Quammen’s Song of the Dodo, raises the question of when science reporters become contributors to the scientific enterprise on which they are reporting. Some of these exceptional reporters appear to become as well informed about their subject matter as the scientists they interview and often reach a much wider audience.
Shreeve is passionately involved in the search for understanding human origins. He travels the earth to interview the principal anthropologists and strives mightily to reconcile their conflicting views.
Shreeve is at his absolute best in describing the strangeness of a creature who is closer to us than chimps. There are many mysteries about Neandertals. Why was there no interbreeding with other hominids? Is it really true that Neandartal females and males lived apart from each other? Why would it be that Neandertals don’t appear (from the trailing end of their thigh bones) to have walked long distances? Why were they so extremely robust? And why did they lead such rough lives (they were subject to the same sorts of injuries as rodeo riders)? What was the significance of their protruding nose and mouth?
Shreeve ends the book in barely concealed agony over not being able to definitively select the correct theory. If he would have waited a little, he would have been helped a lot by Krings, M. et al. (1997). Neandertal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans. Cell, 90, 19-30. I hope he writes a second edition of this very interesting and worthwhile book.
This book, like several others, such as Wright’s Moral Animal and Quammen’s Song of the Dodo, raises the question of when science reporters become contributors to the scientific enterprise on which they are reporting. Some of these exceptional reporters appear to become as well informed about their subject matter as the scientists they interview and often reach a much wider audience.
Shreeve is passionately involved in the search for understanding human origins. He travels the earth to interview the principal anthropologists and strives mightily to reconcile their conflicting views.
Shreeve is at his absolute best in describing the strangeness of a creature who is closer to us than chimps. There are many mysteries about Neandertals. Why was there no interbreeding with other hominids? Is it really true that Neandartal females and males lived apart from each other? Why would it be that Neandertals don’t appear (from the trailing end of their thigh bones) to have walked long distances? Why were they so extremely robust? And why did they lead such rough lives (they were subject to the same sorts of injuries as rodeo riders)? What was the significance of their protruding nose and mouth?
Shreeve ends the book in barely concealed agony over not being able to definitively select the correct theory. If he would have waited a little, he would have been helped a lot by Krings, M. et al. (1997). Neandertal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans. Cell, 90, 19-30. I hope he writes a second edition of this very interesting and worthwhile book.
Shubin, N. (2008). Your inner fish: A journey into the 3.5 billion year history of the human body. Toronto: Pantheon.
An interesting little book with a fabulous title. Shubin is well qualified to write on this topic, having discovered in the Canadian arctic the 375 million year old Tiktaalik, an intermediate between fish and primitive land dwelling tetrapods. Not at all a fluke, this discovery was entirely the result of knowing what age and what type of rocks to examine. “Tiktaalik” means “large fresh-water fish” in Inuktitut.
Some of the signs of our fishy ancestry are well known to anyone with a nodding acquaintance of comparative anatomy, for example, that the jaws, ears, larynx and throat develop from fetal gill arches. Other origins are more surprising: Skull bones originally developed from teeth. “It turns out that exactly the same process underlies the development of all the structures that develop within skin: scales, hair, feathers, sweat glands, even mammary glands. In each case, two layers [of tissue] come together, fold, and secrete proteins. Indeed, the batteries of the major genetic switches that are active in this process in each kind of tissue are largely similar.” (p. 78).
An interesting little book with a fabulous title. Shubin is well qualified to write on this topic, having discovered in the Canadian arctic the 375 million year old Tiktaalik, an intermediate between fish and primitive land dwelling tetrapods. Not at all a fluke, this discovery was entirely the result of knowing what age and what type of rocks to examine. “Tiktaalik” means “large fresh-water fish” in Inuktitut.
Some of the signs of our fishy ancestry are well known to anyone with a nodding acquaintance of comparative anatomy, for example, that the jaws, ears, larynx and throat develop from fetal gill arches. Other origins are more surprising: Skull bones originally developed from teeth. “It turns out that exactly the same process underlies the development of all the structures that develop within skin: scales, hair, feathers, sweat glands, even mammary glands. In each case, two layers [of tissue] come together, fold, and secrete proteins. Indeed, the batteries of the major genetic switches that are active in this process in each kind of tissue are largely similar.” (p. 78).
Smith, J.M. & Szathmary, E. (1999). The origins of life: From the birth of life to the origin of language. Toronto: Oxford University Press.
A precis of their larger book. Although the book is well done, it is too difficult for non-biologists and not detailed enough for professional readers (they should get the unexpurgated version).
A precis of their larger book. Although the book is well done, it is too difficult for non-biologists and not detailed enough for professional readers (they should get the unexpurgated version).
Sobel, D. (1996). Longitude: the true story of a lone genius who solved the greatest scientific problem of his time. London: Fourth Estate.
John Harrison, the Yorkshireman who, after a lifetime of trying, solved the problem of longitude, appeared to be an entirely self made man. He made his first clocks almost entirely of wood when he was yet very young. The book presents a very clear description of the problem of determining longitude and how it was solved by accurate time keeping. Not enough historical detail for my liking but a good little book nonetheless.
John Harrison, the Yorkshireman who, after a lifetime of trying, solved the problem of longitude, appeared to be an entirely self made man. He made his first clocks almost entirely of wood when he was yet very young. The book presents a very clear description of the problem of determining longitude and how it was solved by accurate time keeping. Not enough historical detail for my liking but a good little book nonetheless.
Spalding, D.E. (1993). Dinosaur hunters. Toronto: Key Porter.
This is about the people who found dinosaurs, particularly in the 19th century. The book is organized by geographical area. Some interesting stories but also a lot of uninteresting details about not very important events and people.
This is about the people who found dinosaurs, particularly in the 19th century. The book is organized by geographical area. Some interesting stories but also a lot of uninteresting details about not very important events and people.
Spindler, K. (1994). The man in the ice. Toronto: Doubleday.
This is the very interesting story of the 1991 discovery of a man who had lain frozen in the ice for 5,300 years. Looks like he was a shepherd who got caught in a storm and fell asleep. Neat to see what he was carrying and from that to infer something about his life and the material culture of the society in which he lived. Years after this book was written, it was learned that the early investigators had missed evidence that the man in the ice had been murdered.
A little too much about the reaction to the discovery but highly recommended.
This is the very interesting story of the 1991 discovery of a man who had lain frozen in the ice for 5,300 years. Looks like he was a shepherd who got caught in a storm and fell asleep. Neat to see what he was carrying and from that to infer something about his life and the material culture of the society in which he lived. Years after this book was written, it was learned that the early investigators had missed evidence that the man in the ice had been murdered.
A little too much about the reaction to the discovery but highly recommended.
Sykes, B. (2006). Saxons, Vikings, and Celts: The genetic roots of Britain and Ireland. NY: Norton.
A fascinating little book describing recent results of DNA analyses in the British Isles. In sum, the matrilineal history of the Isles is ancient, probably over 10,000 years old. One route that these maternal genes took was along the coast from the Middle East to Iberia, and then to England. The migrants were likely to have been family groups. The maternal stalk of the Isles has remained Celtic/Pictish, with the exception of the Orkney and Shetland Islands where more than a third of the maternal genome is Viking. Nevertheless, above the Danelaw Line (from Chester to London) there is an overlay of Viking female genes (5 to 10%).
On the male side, the strongest genetic signal is again Celtic and the origin Iberian. However, the lack of male genetic diversity strongly suggests that a few men monopolized reproduction and hints at the genetic rewards to successful warrior-politicians.
Sternberg, J. & Grigorenko, E. (1997). (Eds.). Intelligence, heredity, and environment. Cambridge University Press.
The list of authors is a who’s who in the nature-nurture intelligence debate. This is a fascinating book in the context of the philosophy and history of science. The editors in the introduction say that they don’t want to give away their position on the controversy.
By the time the end of the book was nearing, I kept on thinking "What controversy”? As the feminists used to like to say, it was crazy making. The chapters divide neatly between those who find substantial heritability estimates in well designed sophisticated studies and those who don’t appear to understand the literature, are ideologues, or deal primarily with irrelevancies.
Fortunately for my sanity, the last two contributors review the previous chapters and come to the same conclusion as me.
The only possible way in which these high heritability estimates can be off is if the effects of intrauterine environments are more important than previously thought. There is a recent paper in Nature that argues that this is so but this has been looked at before and the jury remains out. Thus, individual differences in intelligence are surely pretty much established at birth in any event. Plomin’s yet unpublished finding of a gene related to high intelligence and the also yet unpublished discovery of a gene related to visual construction ability points to the direction this field is moving in. Inevitably but ironically, this genetic research will mean that intelligence will eventually become malleable.
A fascinating little book describing recent results of DNA analyses in the British Isles. In sum, the matrilineal history of the Isles is ancient, probably over 10,000 years old. One route that these maternal genes took was along the coast from the Middle East to Iberia, and then to England. The migrants were likely to have been family groups. The maternal stalk of the Isles has remained Celtic/Pictish, with the exception of the Orkney and Shetland Islands where more than a third of the maternal genome is Viking. Nevertheless, above the Danelaw Line (from Chester to London) there is an overlay of Viking female genes (5 to 10%).
On the male side, the strongest genetic signal is again Celtic and the origin Iberian. However, the lack of male genetic diversity strongly suggests that a few men monopolized reproduction and hints at the genetic rewards to successful warrior-politicians.
Sternberg, J. & Grigorenko, E. (1997). (Eds.). Intelligence, heredity, and environment. Cambridge University Press.
The list of authors is a who’s who in the nature-nurture intelligence debate. This is a fascinating book in the context of the philosophy and history of science. The editors in the introduction say that they don’t want to give away their position on the controversy.
By the time the end of the book was nearing, I kept on thinking "What controversy”? As the feminists used to like to say, it was crazy making. The chapters divide neatly between those who find substantial heritability estimates in well designed sophisticated studies and those who don’t appear to understand the literature, are ideologues, or deal primarily with irrelevancies.
Fortunately for my sanity, the last two contributors review the previous chapters and come to the same conclusion as me.
The only possible way in which these high heritability estimates can be off is if the effects of intrauterine environments are more important than previously thought. There is a recent paper in Nature that argues that this is so but this has been looked at before and the jury remains out. Thus, individual differences in intelligence are surely pretty much established at birth in any event. Plomin’s yet unpublished finding of a gene related to high intelligence and the also yet unpublished discovery of a gene related to visual construction ability points to the direction this field is moving in. Inevitably but ironically, this genetic research will mean that intelligence will eventually become malleable.
Stewart, I. (1995). Nature’s numbers: The unreal reality of mathematics. N.Y.: Basic.
A beautifully written, very thoughtful, slim volume. Stewart describes the patterns in nature that numbers describe. This is written for non-mathematicians, yet for those of us who are not used to thinking abstractly (we really could if we wanted to....couldn’t we?), it is occasionally difficult. That said, it is well worth reading and I think I’ll read it again.
The beauty of a mathematical understanding of some phenomenon is the recognition that it emerges as a necessary consequence of a simple underlying regularity.
There is a great figure of a computer simulation of the evolution of the eye in this book that I plan to use in my lectures. 256 steps and each one an optical improvement on the former as theory requires.
A beautifully written, very thoughtful, slim volume. Stewart describes the patterns in nature that numbers describe. This is written for non-mathematicians, yet for those of us who are not used to thinking abstractly (we really could if we wanted to....couldn’t we?), it is occasionally difficult. That said, it is well worth reading and I think I’ll read it again.
The beauty of a mathematical understanding of some phenomenon is the recognition that it emerges as a necessary consequence of a simple underlying regularity.
There is a great figure of a computer simulation of the evolution of the eye in this book that I plan to use in my lectures. 256 steps and each one an optical improvement on the former as theory requires.
Taubes, G. (2007). Good calories, bad calories: Fats, carbs, and the controversial science of diet and health. NY: Anchor Books.
There are some great quotes in this book.
“A colleague once defined an academic discipline as a group of scholars who had agreed not to ask certain embarrassing questions about key assumptions.” (Mark Cohen).
“The researches of so many eminent scientific men, have thrown so much darkness upon the subject that if they continue their researches we shall soon know nothing.” (Hilde Bruch, quoting Artemis Ward).
Being the end of an unbroken line of millions of successful ancestors extending into the primordial ooze, one would think that we’re pretty well designed. One expects the weight of a well-designed animal to be well regulated—it should eat more if many calories are burned and eat less if fewer calories are burned. Nevertheless, there is an epidemic of obesity. What is going on?
This book is a detailed review of the research on the relationship of diet to obesity and longevity. To make a very long story short, the author argues that the emperor of dietary wisdom has no clothes. Most of the research on diet is correlational, motivated by preconceived notions that the studies are designed to support (rather than falsify), and fatally confounded. Recommendations to eat a “balanced diet”, to burn more calories than one consumes in order to reduce weight, and to avoid fat appear to be unfounded. The author has characterized the recommendations of the nutritionists accurately as the following guidelines for prevention of obesity from PEDIATRICS (2007) 120, Supplement 4, show.
“Evidence supports the following:
1. limiting consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (CE or consistent evidence)
2. encouraging consumption of diets with recommended quantities of fruits and vegetables (ME)
3. limiting television and other screen time (the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends no television viewing before 2 years of age and thereafter no more than 2 hours of television viewing per day), by allowing a maximum of 2 hours of screen time per day (CE) and removing televisions and other screens from children’s primary sleeping area (CE) (although a relationship between obesity and screen time other than television viewing, such as computer games, has not been established, limitation of all screen time may promote more calorie expenditure)
4. eating breakfast daily (CE)
5. limiting eating out at restaurants, particularly fast food restaurants (CE) (frequent patronage of fast food restaurants may be a risk factor for obesity in children, and families should also limit meals at other kinds of restaurants that serve large portions of energy-dense foods)
6. encouraging family meals in which parents and children eat together (CE) (family meals are associated with a higher-quality diet and with lower obesity prevalence, as well as with other psychosocial benefits)
7. limiting portion size (CE)
The prevention writing group also suggests, on the basis of analysis of available data and expertise, the following behaviors:
1. eating a diet rich in calcium
2. eating a diet high in fiber;
3. eating a diet with balanced macronutrients (energy from fat, carbohydrates, and protein in proportions for age, as recommended by Dietary Reference Intakes)
4. encouraging exclusive breastfeeding to 6 months of age and maintenance of breastfeeding after introduction of solid food to 12 months of age and beyond,
5. promoting moderate to vigorous physical activity for at least 60 minutes each day
6. limiting consumption of energy-dense foods.”
The author argues that most of these guidelines are either wrong or based on inadequate evidence (although the first recommendation on sugar sweetened beverages is in line with his thesis).
Toward the end of this tome, the author betrays increasing frustration with low inference research that leads to conclusions betrayed by the “inadequacy of lesser evidence”. The parallels between diet research and research in a number of other applied areas, such as the treatment of sex offenders, are palpable. This low inference research is associated with a politically correct style of orthodox discourse among nutrition professionals that similar to that observed in many other areas.
I think that at a fundamental level, we all suffer from the primitive belief that we are what we eat. If we get fat, it’s because we eat fat. Moreover, because it is a just world, fat people are fat because they are lazy gluttons. If they’d just straighten up and live right, they’d be OK.
The dietary culprits appear from this book’s review to be carbohydrates (bread, rice, pasta, sucrose, and fructose). High proportions of these foods are a very recent change to our diets. These culprits induce obesity by altering insulin metabolism such that the cells starve while the body stores calories in the form of fat. Sedentary behaviour is a consequence of obesity, rather than its cause.
What is the evidence for these radical claims? According to the author, restricting calories and/or increasing activity levels are not associated with reduced weight in the long-term—indeed, episodes of caloric restriction are often associated with increases in weight. Obese individuals ordinarily maintain their weight at a particular level, just as non-obese individuals do. Obesity is rare among hunters and hunter-gatherers, even though they apparently spend a lot of time leaning on their digging sticks. An exclusively meat diet containing lots of fat (as among the Inuit) is healthy. Laboratory animals can become fat on reduced calorie diets. Fat animals who are starved do not become lean, they lose muscle mass. Skin from the abdomen transplanted to the hand will become fat when the abdomen becomes fat. There are individuals who are fat from the waist down and lean from the waist up.
I have read next to none of the primary literature that the author cites but his interpretation certainly fits with what I do know. Interestingly, there is new evidence on exercise that supports part of the thesis of this book. Four 30-second sprints on a stationary bike twice a week were found to be at least as effective as 30 minutes of daily exercise in improving sugar metabolism. In another recent study, school exercise programs were found not to reduce weight among children (of course, exercise is good for many other things). However, reducing TV time did reduce weight (perhaps because it reduced the opportunity to binge on carbohydrates).
In conclusion, this is a very thought provoking book that has pervasive implications for our diets and health. I think I’ll go out for a burger and skip the bun.
There are some great quotes in this book.
“A colleague once defined an academic discipline as a group of scholars who had agreed not to ask certain embarrassing questions about key assumptions.” (Mark Cohen).
“The researches of so many eminent scientific men, have thrown so much darkness upon the subject that if they continue their researches we shall soon know nothing.” (Hilde Bruch, quoting Artemis Ward).
Being the end of an unbroken line of millions of successful ancestors extending into the primordial ooze, one would think that we’re pretty well designed. One expects the weight of a well-designed animal to be well regulated—it should eat more if many calories are burned and eat less if fewer calories are burned. Nevertheless, there is an epidemic of obesity. What is going on?
This book is a detailed review of the research on the relationship of diet to obesity and longevity. To make a very long story short, the author argues that the emperor of dietary wisdom has no clothes. Most of the research on diet is correlational, motivated by preconceived notions that the studies are designed to support (rather than falsify), and fatally confounded. Recommendations to eat a “balanced diet”, to burn more calories than one consumes in order to reduce weight, and to avoid fat appear to be unfounded. The author has characterized the recommendations of the nutritionists accurately as the following guidelines for prevention of obesity from PEDIATRICS (2007) 120, Supplement 4, show.
“Evidence supports the following:
1. limiting consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (CE or consistent evidence)
2. encouraging consumption of diets with recommended quantities of fruits and vegetables (ME)
3. limiting television and other screen time (the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends no television viewing before 2 years of age and thereafter no more than 2 hours of television viewing per day), by allowing a maximum of 2 hours of screen time per day (CE) and removing televisions and other screens from children’s primary sleeping area (CE) (although a relationship between obesity and screen time other than television viewing, such as computer games, has not been established, limitation of all screen time may promote more calorie expenditure)
4. eating breakfast daily (CE)
5. limiting eating out at restaurants, particularly fast food restaurants (CE) (frequent patronage of fast food restaurants may be a risk factor for obesity in children, and families should also limit meals at other kinds of restaurants that serve large portions of energy-dense foods)
6. encouraging family meals in which parents and children eat together (CE) (family meals are associated with a higher-quality diet and with lower obesity prevalence, as well as with other psychosocial benefits)
7. limiting portion size (CE)
The prevention writing group also suggests, on the basis of analysis of available data and expertise, the following behaviors:
1. eating a diet rich in calcium
2. eating a diet high in fiber;
3. eating a diet with balanced macronutrients (energy from fat, carbohydrates, and protein in proportions for age, as recommended by Dietary Reference Intakes)
4. encouraging exclusive breastfeeding to 6 months of age and maintenance of breastfeeding after introduction of solid food to 12 months of age and beyond,
5. promoting moderate to vigorous physical activity for at least 60 minutes each day
6. limiting consumption of energy-dense foods.”
The author argues that most of these guidelines are either wrong or based on inadequate evidence (although the first recommendation on sugar sweetened beverages is in line with his thesis).
Toward the end of this tome, the author betrays increasing frustration with low inference research that leads to conclusions betrayed by the “inadequacy of lesser evidence”. The parallels between diet research and research in a number of other applied areas, such as the treatment of sex offenders, are palpable. This low inference research is associated with a politically correct style of orthodox discourse among nutrition professionals that similar to that observed in many other areas.
I think that at a fundamental level, we all suffer from the primitive belief that we are what we eat. If we get fat, it’s because we eat fat. Moreover, because it is a just world, fat people are fat because they are lazy gluttons. If they’d just straighten up and live right, they’d be OK.
The dietary culprits appear from this book’s review to be carbohydrates (bread, rice, pasta, sucrose, and fructose). High proportions of these foods are a very recent change to our diets. These culprits induce obesity by altering insulin metabolism such that the cells starve while the body stores calories in the form of fat. Sedentary behaviour is a consequence of obesity, rather than its cause.
What is the evidence for these radical claims? According to the author, restricting calories and/or increasing activity levels are not associated with reduced weight in the long-term—indeed, episodes of caloric restriction are often associated with increases in weight. Obese individuals ordinarily maintain their weight at a particular level, just as non-obese individuals do. Obesity is rare among hunters and hunter-gatherers, even though they apparently spend a lot of time leaning on their digging sticks. An exclusively meat diet containing lots of fat (as among the Inuit) is healthy. Laboratory animals can become fat on reduced calorie diets. Fat animals who are starved do not become lean, they lose muscle mass. Skin from the abdomen transplanted to the hand will become fat when the abdomen becomes fat. There are individuals who are fat from the waist down and lean from the waist up.
I have read next to none of the primary literature that the author cites but his interpretation certainly fits with what I do know. Interestingly, there is new evidence on exercise that supports part of the thesis of this book. Four 30-second sprints on a stationary bike twice a week were found to be at least as effective as 30 minutes of daily exercise in improving sugar metabolism. In another recent study, school exercise programs were found not to reduce weight among children (of course, exercise is good for many other things). However, reducing TV time did reduce weight (perhaps because it reduced the opportunity to binge on carbohydrates).
In conclusion, this is a very thought provoking book that has pervasive implications for our diets and health. I think I’ll go out for a burger and skip the bun.
Trautmann, T.R. (1987). Lewis Henry Morgan and the invention of kinship. Berkeley: University of California Press.
How many famous fathers of twentieth century thought can there be? Well, too many for me to remember or even know about. Morgan is one of the fathers of modern anthropology who invented kinship by being the first to father lots of kids by many wives who varied in their genetic relationship to him, ending up by being his own grandfather. OK, OK, not really. Morgan became a lawyer for the railways and made enough money to indulge his serious intellectual interests. Starting in the 1860s, he studied the Iroquois kinship system in New York and attempted to derive principles from it that could be applied more broadly. Morgan was sympathetic to Darwinism and, remarkably for the time, not particularly religious or racist. Nevertheless, he tended to see the modern European kinship system as the most advanced and made some errors as a result. Morgan believed that the stages of man’s development from a promiscuous horde to monogamous families with kin-related property rights could be traced in the meaning of kinship terms used by societies around the world. Thus, the key to understanding ethnology and social evolution lay in comparative philology.
The reception of Morgan’s research by anthropologists has varied through the years. His work on kinship was certainly influential early on, mostly through its effects on the quite different theories of later investigators.
This book is interesting in spots, particularly in its description of the 19th century scientific establishment in the US and the influence of religious political correctness on anthropological work. It’s also interesting how Morgan became involved with the Iroquois. But a bit tedious in spots and not always easy to follow.
How many famous fathers of twentieth century thought can there be? Well, too many for me to remember or even know about. Morgan is one of the fathers of modern anthropology who invented kinship by being the first to father lots of kids by many wives who varied in their genetic relationship to him, ending up by being his own grandfather. OK, OK, not really. Morgan became a lawyer for the railways and made enough money to indulge his serious intellectual interests. Starting in the 1860s, he studied the Iroquois kinship system in New York and attempted to derive principles from it that could be applied more broadly. Morgan was sympathetic to Darwinism and, remarkably for the time, not particularly religious or racist. Nevertheless, he tended to see the modern European kinship system as the most advanced and made some errors as a result. Morgan believed that the stages of man’s development from a promiscuous horde to monogamous families with kin-related property rights could be traced in the meaning of kinship terms used by societies around the world. Thus, the key to understanding ethnology and social evolution lay in comparative philology.
The reception of Morgan’s research by anthropologists has varied through the years. His work on kinship was certainly influential early on, mostly through its effects on the quite different theories of later investigators.
This book is interesting in spots, particularly in its description of the 19th century scientific establishment in the US and the influence of religious political correctness on anthropological work. It’s also interesting how Morgan became involved with the Iroquois. But a bit tedious in spots and not always easy to follow.
Vaillant, G.E. (1995). The natural history of alcoholism revisited. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
This is a revised edition of a classic book describing a longitudinal study of identified alcoholics, a sample of ivy league kids, and a low socioeconomic status group. Vaillant seems like an intelligent and careful thinker with a high quality data set. Which is why it is disappointing, at least to me, that more definitive conclusions could not have been drawn. Vaillant postulates that the best single definition of an alcoholic is a person who cannot predict when a drinking bout will end. He adopts a disease model of alcoholism and is very sympathetic to AA. All this is OK, but the disease doesn’t appear to have a predictable course, leading to the enduring debate with psychologists endorsing Marlatt’s social learning approach. Oh yeah, we don’t have treatments known to reduce drinking in the long-term, although, as everybody knows, some people stop drinking.
This is a revised edition of a classic book describing a longitudinal study of identified alcoholics, a sample of ivy league kids, and a low socioeconomic status group. Vaillant seems like an intelligent and careful thinker with a high quality data set. Which is why it is disappointing, at least to me, that more definitive conclusions could not have been drawn. Vaillant postulates that the best single definition of an alcoholic is a person who cannot predict when a drinking bout will end. He adopts a disease model of alcoholism and is very sympathetic to AA. All this is OK, but the disease doesn’t appear to have a predictable course, leading to the enduring debate with psychologists endorsing Marlatt’s social learning approach. Oh yeah, we don’t have treatments known to reduce drinking in the long-term, although, as everybody knows, some people stop drinking.
Ward, P.D. (1997). The call of distant mammoths: Why the ice age mammals disappeared. N.Y.: Copernicus.
Ward mixes science fiction and personal reminiscence with straightforward science reporting. Usually this mixture works. The book gets better toward the end and is written as a mystery. It looks like the smoking gun has been found or close to it--the crucial data come from cross sections of mammoth tusks (which are ringed like tree trunks). The rings show patterns of nutritional variation and indicate pregnancies in the females because the fetus takes the calcium from the mother. I won’t tell you who- or what-dunnit.
Did you know that dwarf mammoths were alive on islands off of Siberia when the pyramids were built?
Ward mixes science fiction and personal reminiscence with straightforward science reporting. Usually this mixture works. The book gets better toward the end and is written as a mystery. It looks like the smoking gun has been found or close to it--the crucial data come from cross sections of mammoth tusks (which are ringed like tree trunks). The rings show patterns of nutritional variation and indicate pregnancies in the females because the fetus takes the calcium from the mother. I won’t tell you who- or what-dunnit.
Did you know that dwarf mammoths were alive on islands off of Siberia when the pyramids were built?
Weiner, J. (1994) The beak of the finch: A story of evolution in our time. N.Y.: Knopf.
Written for non-biologists. This is a fun read and highly recommended. Evolution looks slow in the fossil record because of changes in the direction of selection over short time periods.
Written for non-biologists. This is a fun read and highly recommended. Evolution looks slow in the fossil record because of changes in the direction of selection over short time periods.
Weiner, J. (1999). Time, love, memory: A great biologist and his quest for the origins of behavior. N.Y.: Vintage.
A charming book by the author of The beak of the finch. The book is beautifully written and Weiner can clearly communicate complex arguments. Ironically, in the last chapter Weiner falls prey to the disorder that causes otherwise sensible people to speculate about consciousness and cosmic significance, a disorder that the hero of this volume, Seymour Benzer, would have warned him against.
A charming book by the author of The beak of the finch. The book is beautifully written and Weiner can clearly communicate complex arguments. Ironically, in the last chapter Weiner falls prey to the disorder that causes otherwise sensible people to speculate about consciousness and cosmic significance, a disorder that the hero of this volume, Seymour Benzer, would have warned him against.
Weiner, J. (2004). His brother’s keeper: A story from the edge of medicine. NY: HarperCollins.
This is an odd departure for the author of the Beak of the Finch and Time, love, memory, both first class popular science books. This book is about a young man of promise who contracts amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s disease) and the frantic efforts of his brother to save him by raising money and encouraging scientists to invest in long-shot, high pay-off efforts at developing a cure. Because one knows how the story must end, it’s difficult to suspend belief while reading the book. I’m not sure what I think about the book or the characters involved. One issue that clouded the picture was the entrepreneurship and profit motive of the altruistic brother and another was the relationship of the writer to the story (part reporter, part confidante, part publicist). The whole thing made me (and the author) a bit uncomfortable.
This is an odd departure for the author of the Beak of the Finch and Time, love, memory, both first class popular science books. This book is about a young man of promise who contracts amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s disease) and the frantic efforts of his brother to save him by raising money and encouraging scientists to invest in long-shot, high pay-off efforts at developing a cure. Because one knows how the story must end, it’s difficult to suspend belief while reading the book. I’m not sure what I think about the book or the characters involved. One issue that clouded the picture was the entrepreneurship and profit motive of the altruistic brother and another was the relationship of the writer to the story (part reporter, part confidante, part publicist). The whole thing made me (and the author) a bit uncomfortable.
Weisman, A. (2007). The world without us. Toronto: HarperCollins.
There are some arresting descriptions of the world without us—the remaining rump of a primeval forest in Poland, New York City streets becoming rivers without human attention, and an abandoned strip of land between the Turks and Greeks on Cyprus. Most of our creations are ephemeral. Depressingly, some are not—untended oil refineries will wreak catastrophe for generations and untended nuclear reactors indefinitely. Otherwise, the rest of creation will gladly be rid of us.
There are some arresting descriptions of the world without us—the remaining rump of a primeval forest in Poland, New York City streets becoming rivers without human attention, and an abandoned strip of land between the Turks and Greeks on Cyprus. Most of our creations are ephemeral. Depressingly, some are not—untended oil refineries will wreak catastrophe for generations and untended nuclear reactors indefinitely. Otherwise, the rest of creation will gladly be rid of us.
Whitehead, H. (2003). Sperm whales: Social evolution in the ocean. University of Chicago Press.
Looking for culture in all the salt-water places…. The author argues that there is evidence for cetacean culture in which mothers teach their offspring cultural traditions, including foraging patterns and particular patterns of vocalizations. There is some evidence to support the author’s thesis but it is not yet overwhelming. Sperm whales are nevertheless such very strange beasts that they are well worth reading about.
Looking for culture in all the salt-water places…. The author argues that there is evidence for cetacean culture in which mothers teach their offspring cultural traditions, including foraging patterns and particular patterns of vocalizations. There is some evidence to support the author’s thesis but it is not yet overwhelming. Sperm whales are nevertheless such very strange beasts that they are well worth reading about.
Williams, G.C. (1996). Plan and purpose in nature: The limits of Darwinian evolution. London: Phoenix.
Superbly written and intended for lay folk. Williams makes his now-familiar argument that evolution is what we must rise above and that the best evidence for natural selection is in the poor design features that organisms are stuck with because of their ancestors’ characteristics. Williams is a deist who believes that natural selection has philosophical implications for the problem of evil—in particular, that it scotches the idea that God is smart and good.
Superbly written and intended for lay folk. Williams makes his now-familiar argument that evolution is what we must rise above and that the best evidence for natural selection is in the poor design features that organisms are stuck with because of their ancestors’ characteristics. Williams is a deist who believes that natural selection has philosophical implications for the problem of evil—in particular, that it scotches the idea that God is smart and good.
Williams, G.C. (1997). The pony fish’s glow and other clues to plan and purpose in nature. N.Y.: Basic.
Yet another book by the master. Although surely, everything about Darwinism has been packaged for the masses by some academic or other in the recent past, Williams’ book is very much worth reading. The arguments are presented in a spare style so that one is not distracted by irrelevancies and unnecessary detail. This is the clearest exposition of selectionist thinking I have seen.
Yet another book by the master. Although surely, everything about Darwinism has been packaged for the masses by some academic or other in the recent past, Williams’ book is very much worth reading. The arguments are presented in a spare style so that one is not distracted by irrelevancies and unnecessary detail. This is the clearest exposition of selectionist thinking I have seen.
Wilson, D. (2017). Superstition and science: Mystics, sceptics, truth-seekers and charlatans. London: Robinson.
Wilson writes well and covers a lot of historical material between the 1200s to the Enlightenment, ending in 1815. Nevertheless, this is a disappointing book. Despite the title, it is a general history of Europe, with an emphasis on the history of ideas. The author often belabours the obvious—that there was no sharp dividing line between religion, superstition, and science. The most famous example being Newton, who spent more time on the Bible than on physics. However, beyond the amorphous division between science and the occult, the author doesn’t seem to have a clear point to make and without a theoretical focus, the inclusion or exclusion of topics often appears arbitrary.
Wilson writes well and covers a lot of historical material between the 1200s to the Enlightenment, ending in 1815. Nevertheless, this is a disappointing book. Despite the title, it is a general history of Europe, with an emphasis on the history of ideas. The author often belabours the obvious—that there was no sharp dividing line between religion, superstition, and science. The most famous example being Newton, who spent more time on the Bible than on physics. However, beyond the amorphous division between science and the occult, the author doesn’t seem to have a clear point to make and without a theoretical focus, the inclusion or exclusion of topics often appears arbitrary.
Wilson, E.O. (1998). Consilience: The unity of knowledge. Toronto: Random House.
The subtitle could be “Why oh why are people so dumb and why don’t they listen to me?” If Wilson wasn’t right most of the time, this would be incredible pretentiousness. Nevertheless, although tactfully written, it comes across as a bit preachy, even to the converted. The text is designed for lay people but is remarkably up to date and flows from a clear understanding of the important issues. There is a nice critique of the state of theory in economics in which Wilson accurately complains that economics does not predict actual behavior despite its mathematical sophistication.
There have been a number of negative reviews of this book. The ones that I have seen argue that the philosophy Wilson presents is naive. Maybe so, but I think these reviewers miss the essential point. The important and convincing point that Wilson makes is that if you’re not part of the mainstream scientific enterprise, you’re not likely to get anywhere in a cumulative sense and not likely to have much fun either.
The subtitle could be “Why oh why are people so dumb and why don’t they listen to me?” If Wilson wasn’t right most of the time, this would be incredible pretentiousness. Nevertheless, although tactfully written, it comes across as a bit preachy, even to the converted. The text is designed for lay people but is remarkably up to date and flows from a clear understanding of the important issues. There is a nice critique of the state of theory in economics in which Wilson accurately complains that economics does not predict actual behavior despite its mathematical sophistication.
There have been a number of negative reviews of this book. The ones that I have seen argue that the philosophy Wilson presents is naive. Maybe so, but I think these reviewers miss the essential point. The important and convincing point that Wilson makes is that if you’re not part of the mainstream scientific enterprise, you’re not likely to get anywhere in a cumulative sense and not likely to have much fun either.
Wright, R. (1994). The moral animal: Why we are the way we are: The new science of evolutionary psychology. Vintage Books.
Arguably the best book on Darwinian psychology ever, certainly the most accessible. I have used this book over the years to turn on students, friends, and relatives to selectionist thinking in psychology.
Arguably the best book on Darwinian psychology ever, certainly the most accessible. I have used this book over the years to turn on students, friends, and relatives to selectionist thinking in psychology.
Wright, R. (2017). Why Buddhism is true: The science and philosophy of meditation and enlightenment. Toronto: Simon and Schuster.
I read this, even though the title is somewhat off-putting, because Wright is the author of one of my favourite books, The Moral Animal. In a nutshell, Wright argues, as many have before him, that evolution is something that we must rise above. Natural selection has designed us to seek fitness-related goals, not to be happy, much less content. Wright argues that to achieve contentment and a quiet mind, one must attain control of one’s thoughts through meditation, rather than simply letting the thoughts thrown up by our evolved neural processes continuously clutter our mind. Once we achieve this, we can avoid suffering.
The influence of natural selection in how we think and perceive runs as deep as we can fathom. In Victor Johnston’s 1999 book Why we feel: The science of human emotion, emotions are conceived of as exaggerated representations of likely changes in fitness that are tightly linked to motivations. More generally, because perceptual processes accentuate biologically relevant features of the environment, we don’t have a “neutral” representation of reality. Reality, in any event, is not at all as it appears according to physicists—objects are made of atoms, yet atoms are mostly empty space. Similarly, psychologists tell us that our memories are reconstructed each time they are entertained in our minds. And our minds are not what they appear to be, most of our neural processing is done by special purpose modules/algorithms of which we are seldom aware. That thing we call “thinking” is, to a large degree, more like emoting. The very idea of self now appears fraught with ambiguities and illusions. Nevertheless, our perceptions of reality, our sense of self, and our memories are anything but arbitrary, they are all related to “objective” reality because if they weren’t, they couldn’t have been selected for.
So, to return to Wright’s thesis, is meditation the answer to suffering? Wright certainly thinks so but I remain agnostic. Part of my reluctance stems from the difficulty in ascertaining the degree to which meditation reduces suffering. This is in principle an empirically answerable question, although there are formidable methodological difficulties to overcome. It’s not as simple as doing some brain imaging on meditating monks or gathering testimonials from ardent practitioners of meditation. Psychological interventions are notoriously difficult to evaluate because the effect of the intervention must be distinguished from seemingly ubiquitous placebo effects, the insidious and subtle effects of subject selection, and naturally occurring variation in the targeted symptom or condition (in this case, contentment). In addition, there are questions relating to relative efficacy (for example, is meditation better than jogging?) and in nailing down the mechanism by which the effect, if real, is achieved.
I read this, even though the title is somewhat off-putting, because Wright is the author of one of my favourite books, The Moral Animal. In a nutshell, Wright argues, as many have before him, that evolution is something that we must rise above. Natural selection has designed us to seek fitness-related goals, not to be happy, much less content. Wright argues that to achieve contentment and a quiet mind, one must attain control of one’s thoughts through meditation, rather than simply letting the thoughts thrown up by our evolved neural processes continuously clutter our mind. Once we achieve this, we can avoid suffering.
The influence of natural selection in how we think and perceive runs as deep as we can fathom. In Victor Johnston’s 1999 book Why we feel: The science of human emotion, emotions are conceived of as exaggerated representations of likely changes in fitness that are tightly linked to motivations. More generally, because perceptual processes accentuate biologically relevant features of the environment, we don’t have a “neutral” representation of reality. Reality, in any event, is not at all as it appears according to physicists—objects are made of atoms, yet atoms are mostly empty space. Similarly, psychologists tell us that our memories are reconstructed each time they are entertained in our minds. And our minds are not what they appear to be, most of our neural processing is done by special purpose modules/algorithms of which we are seldom aware. That thing we call “thinking” is, to a large degree, more like emoting. The very idea of self now appears fraught with ambiguities and illusions. Nevertheless, our perceptions of reality, our sense of self, and our memories are anything but arbitrary, they are all related to “objective” reality because if they weren’t, they couldn’t have been selected for.
So, to return to Wright’s thesis, is meditation the answer to suffering? Wright certainly thinks so but I remain agnostic. Part of my reluctance stems from the difficulty in ascertaining the degree to which meditation reduces suffering. This is in principle an empirically answerable question, although there are formidable methodological difficulties to overcome. It’s not as simple as doing some brain imaging on meditating monks or gathering testimonials from ardent practitioners of meditation. Psychological interventions are notoriously difficult to evaluate because the effect of the intervention must be distinguished from seemingly ubiquitous placebo effects, the insidious and subtle effects of subject selection, and naturally occurring variation in the targeted symptom or condition (in this case, contentment). In addition, there are questions relating to relative efficacy (for example, is meditation better than jogging?) and in nailing down the mechanism by which the effect, if real, is achieved.
Zimmer, C. (2000). Parasite rex: Inside the bizarre world of nature’s most dangerous creatures. Toronto: The Free Press.
There are more parasites than any other type of organism. This book is a fast paced romp through this enormous group of organisms that focuses on a variety of evolutionary oddities. A good, if sometimes disturbing, read.
If the Victorians knew that “let others do all the hard work while exploiting them cruelly and mercilessly” was nature’s basic moral premise, while “nature red in tooth and claw” was for romantic panty-waists, what kind of social Darwinism would they have developed?
There are more parasites than any other type of organism. This book is a fast paced romp through this enormous group of organisms that focuses on a variety of evolutionary oddities. A good, if sometimes disturbing, read.
If the Victorians knew that “let others do all the hard work while exploiting them cruelly and mercilessly” was nature’s basic moral premise, while “nature red in tooth and claw” was for romantic panty-waists, what kind of social Darwinism would they have developed?
Zimmer, C. (2004). Soul made flesh: The discovery of the brain—and how it changed the world. Toronto: Free Press.
One of the most informative and interesting books I’ve read in some time. It is written in a very engaging fashion. The author succeeds in capturing some of the intellectual and physical atmosphere of the times. He succeeds brilliantly in presenting old theories in a sympathetic and intelligible way—these theories would seem ridiculous taken out of their historical and intellectual context. This intellectual history is organized around a biography of Thomas Willis (1621-1675), the guy after whom the circle of arteries at the base of the brain is named.
Zimmer situates the famous Oxford Circle (including Willis, Christopher Wren, Robert Boyle, Richard Lower, Robert Hooke, and John Wallis) in the political context of the English Civil War and its aftermath. The brilliant members of the Oxford Circle were the intellectual heirs of William Harvey and Francis Bacon. They did not embrace the puritanical anti-royalist doctrines of Cromwell’s protectorate. Nevertheless, they substituted empirical investigation for the received wisdom of Aristotle and Galen—potentially dangerous views in the reign of Charles I and the restoration England of Charles II. Thus Willis and his friends would not go as far in their mechanism as Thomas Hobbes—they continually looked for signs of God’s handiwork while unintentionally but systematically undermining the whole idea of spiritual purpose in nature through experimentation and observation.
At least one of the Oxford Circle, Boyle, seemed to be have been partly aware of the subversive nature of what he was accomplishing.
“For the rest of his life, Boyle would chase after grace and be tormented by a feeling that he was unworthy of God’s love. He would relentlessly question whether he was pious enough, if he had actually committed some evil that he was unaware of. His uncertainty turned his life into an endless round of questions, a perpetual suspicion that he had not yet found Truth.” (pp. 132-133).
None of what Willis learned about the brain had any immediate medically practical consequences. Like all physicians of his time, Willis remained dependent on folk remedies, remedies devised by the ancients or promulgated by contemporary alchemists and astrologers. Willis nevertheless went from being an obscure “pisse prophet” (a doctor who examined urine samples to arrive at a diagnosis) to a well- connected, famous, and wealthy physician. Despite his financial and social success, Willis continued to provide free medical services to the poor throughout his career.
John Locke saw that no practical consequences arose from the anatomical investigations of Harvey and Willis. Locke concluded that, because it was vain or impossible to discover the true workings of the body, we should instead use more common-sense empirical methods of developing treatments for illness. He proposed that we look at a lot of cases that have been treated in different ways and see what worked best and deal with likelihoods, not essences. Locke won the day and neurology fell out of favour for generations, being replaced by a “black box” form of associationistic psychology. A psychology, nevertheless informed and constrained by Willis’s discoveries.
One of the most informative and interesting books I’ve read in some time. It is written in a very engaging fashion. The author succeeds in capturing some of the intellectual and physical atmosphere of the times. He succeeds brilliantly in presenting old theories in a sympathetic and intelligible way—these theories would seem ridiculous taken out of their historical and intellectual context. This intellectual history is organized around a biography of Thomas Willis (1621-1675), the guy after whom the circle of arteries at the base of the brain is named.
Zimmer situates the famous Oxford Circle (including Willis, Christopher Wren, Robert Boyle, Richard Lower, Robert Hooke, and John Wallis) in the political context of the English Civil War and its aftermath. The brilliant members of the Oxford Circle were the intellectual heirs of William Harvey and Francis Bacon. They did not embrace the puritanical anti-royalist doctrines of Cromwell’s protectorate. Nevertheless, they substituted empirical investigation for the received wisdom of Aristotle and Galen—potentially dangerous views in the reign of Charles I and the restoration England of Charles II. Thus Willis and his friends would not go as far in their mechanism as Thomas Hobbes—they continually looked for signs of God’s handiwork while unintentionally but systematically undermining the whole idea of spiritual purpose in nature through experimentation and observation.
At least one of the Oxford Circle, Boyle, seemed to be have been partly aware of the subversive nature of what he was accomplishing.
“For the rest of his life, Boyle would chase after grace and be tormented by a feeling that he was unworthy of God’s love. He would relentlessly question whether he was pious enough, if he had actually committed some evil that he was unaware of. His uncertainty turned his life into an endless round of questions, a perpetual suspicion that he had not yet found Truth.” (pp. 132-133).
None of what Willis learned about the brain had any immediate medically practical consequences. Like all physicians of his time, Willis remained dependent on folk remedies, remedies devised by the ancients or promulgated by contemporary alchemists and astrologers. Willis nevertheless went from being an obscure “pisse prophet” (a doctor who examined urine samples to arrive at a diagnosis) to a well- connected, famous, and wealthy physician. Despite his financial and social success, Willis continued to provide free medical services to the poor throughout his career.
John Locke saw that no practical consequences arose from the anatomical investigations of Harvey and Willis. Locke concluded that, because it was vain or impossible to discover the true workings of the body, we should instead use more common-sense empirical methods of developing treatments for illness. He proposed that we look at a lot of cases that have been treated in different ways and see what worked best and deal with likelihoods, not essences. Locke won the day and neurology fell out of favour for generations, being replaced by a “black box” form of associationistic psychology. A psychology, nevertheless informed and constrained by Willis’s discoveries.
Zimmer, C. (2018). She has her mother’s laugh: The powers, perversions, and potential of heredity. New York: Dutton.
Zimmer is a master of non-fiction; his writing is invariably crystal clear and interesting. This great fat book covers the history of research on heredity, both external (pertaining to reproduction) and internal (involving the development of cell lineages) up to and including the most recent developments. If you are looking for an interesting guide to heredity, this is the book for you. I already plan to give it another read.
Zimmer is a master of non-fiction; his writing is invariably crystal clear and interesting. This great fat book covers the history of research on heredity, both external (pertaining to reproduction) and internal (involving the development of cell lineages) up to and including the most recent developments. If you are looking for an interesting guide to heredity, this is the book for you. I already plan to give it another read.